Validation of the Oxford Participation and Activities Questionnaire

Figures & data

Table 1 Sample characteristics by disease group

Condition	N	Male: female	Mean age, yearsa	Mean age at diagnosis, yearsa	Mean disease duration, yearsa
MND	97	65:32	62.96 (8.93; 42–80)	60.18 (9.66; 35–78)	2.78 (4.11; 0–27)
MS	100	21:79	49.12 (11.26; 24–80)	36.98 (9.71; 18–63)	11.94 (9.32; 0–50)
PD	137	76:61	66.12 (8.83; 40–88)	59.60 (10.35; 30–87)	6.93 (5.57; 0–31)
Total sample	334	162:172	60.06 (12.10; 24–88)	52.82 (14.50; 18–87)	7.31 (7.52; 0–50)

Note:

a The values are represented as mean (standard deviation; range).

Abbreviations: MND, motor neuron disease; MS, multiple sclerosis; PD, Parkinson’s disease.

Table 2 Percentage of missing data and floor/ceiling effects by Ox-PAQ item

Item no	% Missing responses	% Floor	% Ceiling
1	0.3	28.2	16.5
2	0.0	46.7a	14.1
3	0.0	33.2	17.4
4	0.0	34.4	16.5
5	0.3	22.2	30.0
6	0.3	19.5	16.8
7	0.6	29.5	26.8
8	0.6	14.5	26.5
9	1.2	24.5	31.8
10	0.3	25.8	14.7
11	0.0	25.4	10.2
12	0.6	13.3	38.6
13	0.0	38.0	8.4
14	0.3	39.9	7.2
15	0.9	34.4	11.2
16	0.0	15.3	32.3
17	0.9	27.8	21.8
18	1.2	32.7	22.7
19	1.8	35.7	28.4
20	0.3	36.9	9.3
21	0.3	40.2a	7.8
22	0.0	42.5a	6.6
23	0.9	22.3	7.3
24	0.0	16.8	18.6
25	0.0	13.2	6.3
26	0.3	15.6	6.6
27	0.0	13.8	6.9
28	0.0	28.1	6.0

Note:

a Item removed.

Abbreviation: Ox-PAQ, Oxford Participation and Activities Questionnaire.

Table 3 PCA solution, factor loadings, and percentage of explained variance for the Ox-PAQ

Domain	Item	Factor loading	% Explained variance	% Cumulative variance
Routine activities			57.17	57.17
Doing household chores		0.887
Going to shops		0.873
Physical activities for		0.841
enjoyment
Daily activities you like to do		0.834
Getting around home		0.813
Being as independent as		0.781
would like
Getting dressed		0.755
Doing work, paid or unpaid		0.746
Using public transport		0.736
Engaging in community life		0.642
Using own transport		0.632
Social life		0.607
Leisure activities		0.565
Getting up in the morning		0.558
Emotional well-being			9.64	66.82
Anxious		0.865
Sad		0.861
Depressed		0.856
Stressed		0.829
Control over life		0.598
Social engagement			5.95	72.77
Communicating with others		0.852
Engaging in the community		0.791
Maintaining friendships		0.631
Maintaining close relationships		0.566

Abbreviations: Ox-PAQ, Oxford Participation and Activities Questionnaire; PCA, principal components analysis.

Table 4 Ox-PAQ item–total correlations, Cronbach’s alpha values, and domain mean scores

Draft Ox-PAQ no	Item	Corrected ITC	α	Mean score (SD)
Routine activities (14 items)			0.96	47.44 (29.95)
5	Doing household chores	0.87
7	Going to shops	0.86
12	Physical activities for enjoyment	0.82
8	Daily activities you like to do	0.86
4	Getting around home	0.80
16	Being as independent as would like	0.85
3	Getting dressed	0.78
9	Doing work, paid or unpaid	0.78
19	Using public transport	0.80
17	Engaging in community life	0.60
18	Using own transport	0.73
10	Social life	0.80
11	Leisure activities	0.77
1	Getting up in the morning	0.66
Emotional well-being (five items)			0.92	44.02 (25.59)
26	Anxious	0.83
27	Sad	0.84
28	Depressed	0.80
25	Stressed	0.85
24	Control over life	0.71
Social engagement (four items)			0.81	35.26 (26.74)
20	Communicating with others	0.53
15	Engaging in the community	0.64
14	Maintaining friendships	0.72
13	Maintaining close relationships	0.67

Abbreviations: ITC, item–total correlation; Ox-PAQ, Oxford Participation and Activities Questionnaire; SD, standard deviation.

Table 5 Pearson correlations between domains of the Ox-PAQ and MOS SF-36

Domain	Physical function	Role limitation, physical	Role limitation, emotional	Energy/fatigue	Emotional well-being	Social function	Pain	General health
RA	–0.87	–0.59	–0.41	–0.62	–0.48	–0.76	–0.49	–0.58
EWB	–0.47	–0.49	–0.62	–0.67	–0.81	–0.59	–0.47	–0.58
SE	–0.61	–0.49	–0.49	–0.52	–0.51	–0.71	–0.48	–0.53

Note: All correlations significant at P<0.001.

Abbreviations: EWB, Emotional Well-Being; MOS SF-36, Medical Outcomes Study 36-Item Short Form Health Survey; Ox-PAQ, Oxford Participation and Activities Questionnaire; RA, Routine Activities; SE, Social Engagement.

Table 6 Pearson correlations between domains of the Ox-PAQ and the EQ-5D-5L

Domain	Mobility	Self- care	Usual activities	Pain/discomfort	Anxiety/depression	VAS
RA	0.81	0.79	0.79	0.46	0.47	0.72
EWB	0.45	0.43	0.49	0.46	0.75	0.60
SE	0.58	0.56	0.59	0.44	0.48	0.57

Note: All correlations significant at P<0.001.

Abbreviations: EWB, Emotional Well-Being; MOS SF-36, Medical Outcomes Study 36-Item Short Form Health Survey; Ox-PAQ, Oxford Participation and Activities Questionnaire; RA, Routine Activities; SE, Social Engagement; VAS, visual analog scale.

Table 7 Mean Ox-PAQ scores and standard deviations by disease group

Ox-PAQ Domain	Condition	Mean	Standard deviation
Routine activities	MND	67.43	27.75
	MS	49.66	27.38
	PD	32.80	24.78
Emotional well-being	MND	51.13	25.15
	MS	47.10	26.71
	PD	36.69	23.22
Social engagement	MND	46.87	28.64
	MS	33.02	24.84
	PD	28.86	24.19

Abbreviations: MND, motor neuron disease; MS, multiple sclerosis; Ox-PAQ, Oxford Participation and Activities Questionnaire; PD, Parkinson’s disease.