Chagas disease: from Latin America to the world

Figures & data

Table 1 Signs and symptoms associated with chronic cardiological Chagas disease

Cardiological alteration	Symptom related
Bradyarrhythmias or tachyarrhythmias	Palpitations
	Syncope
	Presyncope
	Fainting
	Sudden death
Heart failure	Effort dyspnea
	Hepatic congestion: pain in the right hypochondriac region
	Pulmonary congestion: orthopnea, paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea
Venous and systemic thromboembolic events	Pulmonary or systemic emboli
	Cerebrovascular accident (generally ischemic)
Microvascular (or esophageal) abnormalities	Precordial or retrosternal pain

Note: © Copyright 2007. Sociedad Española de Cardiología. Adapted with permission of the author and the Publisher. Original source: Gascón J, Albajar P, Cañas E, et al. Diagnosis, management and treatment of chronic Chagas’ heart disease in areas where Trypanosoma cruzi infection is not endemic. Rev Esp Cardiol. 2007 Mar;60(3):285–93.⁶⁹

Table 2 Signs and symptoms associated with chronic digestive Chagas disease

Esophageal alterations	Colon alterations
• Dysphagia: in relation to solids/liquids; changes with heat/cold; location of dysphagia • Regurgitation: active (after ingestion) or passive (in advanced cases, generally in decubitus)	• Constipation • Changes in bowel habit • Straining at stool • Incomplete evacuation sensation
• Retrosternal chest pain • Odynophagia • Nocturnal cough • Sialorrhoea • Parotid gland hypertrophy	Gastric/duodenal alterations • Dyspepsia • Pyrosis • Bloating • Satiety sensation • Epigastric pain (eventually)

Note: Copyright © 2010 Elsevier España, S.L. All rights reserved. Adapted with permission of the author and the Publisher. Original source: Pinazo MJ, Cañas E, Elizalde JI et al. Diagnosis, management and treatment of chronic Chagas’ gastrointestinal disease in areas where Trypanosoma cruzi infection is not endemic. Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2010;33(3):191–200.⁷⁰