Effect of health development assistance on health status in sub-Saharan Africa

Figures & data

Table 1 Health-related indicators across SSA (1990–2010)

Variable	Obs	Mean	SD	Min	Max
IMR	215	81.8	30.9	11.7	165.2
HDA	172	5.80	7.30	0.00	58.39
GDPP	214	1,411.70	2,324.63	50.04	12,645.08
IMSF	205	29.61	22.83	2.40	97.10
PYSC	155	3.31	1.41	0.74	6.28
CCOR	172	−0.6012	0.6209	−2.0575	1.1413
RULA	172	−0.7471	0.6587	−2.2298	1.0069
REQU	172	−0.6699	0.6181	−2.2490	0.8980
GOEF	172	−0.7473	0.6206	−1.9606	0.8765

Abbreviations: CCOR, control of corruption; GDPP, per capita gross domestic product; GOEF, government effectiveness; HDA, health development assistance; IMR, infant mortality rate; IMSF, improved sanitation facilities; ln, natural log; Obs, observations; PYSC, primary years of schooling; REQU, regulatory quality; RULA, rule of law; SD, standard deviation; SSA, sub-Saharan Africa.

Table 2 Estimates of IMR-estimating equation (1990–2010): results from fixed-effect and random-effect models

Variable	Fixed effecta				Random effectb
	Coef	SE	T	P>t	Coef	SE	z	P>z
ln HDA	−0.012	0.014	−0.850	0.396	−0.051	0.014	−3.680	0.000
ln GDPP	−0.417	0.117	−3.570	0.001	−0.117	0.055	−2.150	0.032
ln IMSF	−0.121	0.144	−0.840	0.402	−0.167	0.073	−2.300	0.022
ln PYSC	−0.729	0.152	−4.800	0.000	−0.343	0.097	−3.550	0.000
CCOR	0.043	0.064	0.670	0.505	0.074	0.070	1.060	0.289
RULA	−0.183	0.073	−2.490	0.015	−0.295	0.076	−3.910	0.000
REQU	0.024	0.066	0.370	0.715	0.065	0.073	0.890	0.373
GOEF	−0.043	0.083	−0.510	0.608	−0.004	0.089	−0.050	0.961
_CONS	8.097	0.709	11.420	0.000	5.890	0.332	17.750	0.000

Notes: Hausman test ${\chi }_{(8)}^2=41.53$; P>χ²=0.0000.

a sigma_u=0.584; sigma_e=0.112; rho = 0.964; F(8,83)=29.05; P>F=0.0000.

b sigma_u=0.206; sigma_e=0.112; rho = 0.772; Wald ${\chi }_{(8)}^2=186.72$; P>χ²=0.000.

Abbreviations: CCOR, control of corruption; Coef, coefficient; _CONS, constant; GDPP, per capita gross domestic product; GOEF, government effectiveness; HDA, health development assistance; IMR, infant mortality rate; IMSF, improved sanitation facilities; ln, natural log; P, probability; PYSC, primary years of schooling; REQU, regulatory quality; RULA, rule of law; SE, standard error; SSA, sub-Saharan Africa.

Table 3 Estimates of IMR-estimating equation, 1990–2010: first-difference GMM results

Variables	Model IIa				Variables	Model IIIb
	Coef	SE^*	z	P>z		Coef	SE^*	z	P>z
ln IMR L1	0.670	0.104	6.450	0.000	IMR L1	0.465	0.141	3.300	0.001
ln HDA	−0.026	0.009	−2.770	0.006	ln HDA	−1.973	0.458	−4.310	0.000
ln GDPP	−0.237	0.083	−2.840	0.004	ln GDPP	−9.964	6.015	−1.660	0.098
ln IMSF	−0.221	0.079	−2.790	0.005	ln IMSF	−19.182	6.764	−2.840	0.005
ln PYSC	−0.257	0.126	−2.040	0.042	ln PYSC	−31.633	10.136	−3.120	0.002
CCOR	0.062	0.036	1.720	0.085	CCOR	5.336	2.156	2.480	0.013
RULA	−0.143	0.056	−2.530	0.011	RULA	−12.845	4.826	−2.660	0.008
REQU	0.097	0.044	2.180	0.029	REQU	4.989	3.538	1.410	0.159
GOEF	−0.070	0.038	−1.860	0.063	GOEF	−5.087	2.967	3.300	0.001
_CONS	3.857	0.964	4.000	0.000	_CONS	196.032	58.225	−4.310	0.000

Notes:

a Arellano–Bond test for AR(1) in first differences: z=−0.272; P>z=0.786. Arellano–Bond test for AR(2) in first differences: z=−1.182; P>z=0.237. Wald ${\chi }_{(9)}^2=320.91$; P>χ²=0.000; number of observations =91; number of instruments =39; correlation between predicted IMR and actual IMR =0.8395.

b Arellano–Bond test for AR(1) in first differences: z=−0.441; P>z=0.659. Arellano–Bond test for AR(2) in first differences: z=−1.012; P>z=0.312. Wald ${\chi }_{(9)}^2=527.13$; P>χ²=0.000; number of observations =91; number of instruments =39; correlation between predicted IMR and actual IMR =0.8411.

Abbreviations: AR(1), auto regressive order of 1; AR(2), auto regressive order of 2; CCOR, control of corruption; Coef, coefficient; _CONS, constant; GDPP, per capita gross domestic product; GMM, generalized method of moments; GOEF, government effectiveness; HDA, health development assistance; IMR, infant mortality rate; IMSF, improved sanitation facilities; ln, natural log; P, probability; PYSC, primary years of schooling; REQU, regulatory quality; RULA, rule of law; SE^*, robust standard error.

Figure 1 Local polynomial smoothed line for IMR, 1990–2010.

Abbreviation: IMR, infant mortality rate.