Trend Analysis And Seasonality Of Tuberculosis Among Patients At The Hiwot Fana Specialized University Hospital, Eastern Ethiopia: A Retrospective Study

Figures & data

Table 1 Socio-Demographic And Clinical Characteristics Of The Study Participants At Hiwot Fana Specialized University Hospital, Eastern Ethiopia, January 2015–April 2019

Characteristics	Number	Percentage
Age (years)
≤14	1,401	17.5
15–29	2,569	32.1
30–44	2,287	28.6
≥45	1,744	21.8
Sex
Male	4,362	54.5
Female	3,639	45.5
HIV status
Reactive	73	0.9
Non-reactive	304	3.8
Unknown	7,624	95.3
History of TB
New	7,896	98.7
Previous Rx	105	1.3
Site of sample
Extra-Pulmonary	142	17.7
Pulmonary	7,859	82.3
Residence
Urban	1,639	20.5
Rural	6,362	79.5

Abbreviations: Rx, retreatment; HIV, human immunodeficiency virus; TB, Tuberculosis.

Figure 1 Trend of TB and rifampicin resistance at Hiwot Fana Specialized University Hospital, Eastern Ethiopia, January 2015–April 2019.

Table 2 Trend Of Tuberculosis By Different Characteristics Of The Study Participants At Hiwot Fana Specialized University Hospital, Eastern Ethiopia, January 2015–April 2019

Characteristics		Years					Total
		2015	2016	2017	2018	2019
		N (%)	N (%)	N (%)	N (%)	N (%)	N (%)
Sex	Male	112 (20.9)	120 (19.3)	219 (14.8)	153 (13.9)	123 (13.4)	727 (16.7)
	Female	77 (17.3)	78 (17.7)	150 (14.8)	126 (12.9)	96 (12.5)	527 (14.5)
Age (years)	≤14	25 (15.1)	18 (11.5)	53 (16.1)	60 (14.2)	41 (12.6)	197 (14.1)
	15–29	66 (22.3)	86 (23.5)	159 (21.7)	110 (15.6)	80 (17.0)	501 (19.5)
	30–44	64 (20.2)	59 (17.9)	91 (16.3)	61 (10.9)	58 (11.1)	333 (14.6)
	≥45	34 (16.8)	35 (16.6)	66 (11.3)	48 (12.4)	40 (11.1)	223 (12.8)
HIV status	Reactive	3 (100)	9 (26.5)	6 (21.4)	1 (12.5)	—	19 (26)
	NR	5 (18.5)	14(35.9)	43 (18.1)	1 (100)	1 (100)	64 (21)
	Unknown	181 (19)	175 (17.7)	320 (16.5)	277 (13.4)	218 (13)	1,171 (15.4)
History of TB	New case	186 (19.1)	188 (18.3)	358 (16.7)	276 (13.3)	217 (12.9)	1,225 (15.5)
	Relapse	3 (37.5)	10 (24.9)	11 (20.4)	3(60)	2(50)	29 (27.6)
Residence	Rural	154 (19.6)	142 (17.9)	315 (17.7)	226 (14.1)	180 (13.1)	1,017 (16)
	Urban	35 (17.8)	56 (20.9)	54 (12.8)	53 (11.2)	39 (12.9)	237 (14.3)

Abbreviations: NR, non-reactive; N, number of mycobacterium tuberculosis cases detected.

Table 3 Trend Of Tuberculosis By Month, Season, And Year at Hiwot Fana Specialized University Hospital, Eastern Ethiopia, January 2015–April 2019

Season	Years										Total
	2015/2016		2016/2017		2017/2018		2018/2019		2019
	MTB Detected	RR-Detected	MTB Detected	RR-Detected	MTB Detected	RR-Detected	MTB Detected	RR-Detected	MTB Detected	RR-Detected	MTB Detected	RR-Detected
	N (%)	N (%)	N (%)	N (%)	N (%)	N (%)	N (%)	N (%)	N (%)	N (%)	N (%)	N (%)
Winter	11 (17.5)	0	63 (17.6)	5 (7.9)	72 (16)	3 (4.2)	60 (10.9)	2 (3.3)	97 (11.3)	2 (2.1)	303 (13.3)	12 (4)
December	11 (17.5)	0	41 (16.9)	3 (6.8)	6 (11.3)	0	60 (10.9)	2 (3.2)	N/A	N/A	118 (13)	5 (4.2)
January	N/A	N/A	12 (16)	0	36 (15.9)	1 (2.7)	N/A	N/A	48 (10.7)	2 (4)	96 (12.8)	3 (3.1)
February	N/A	N/A	10 (25.6)	2 (16.7)	30 (17.6)	2 (6.3)	N/A	N/A	49 (12)	0	89 (14.4)	4 (4.5)
Autumn	40 (27.9)	5 (12.5)	33 (22.9)	6 (18.2)	143 (18.7)	7 (4.9)	116 (15)	0	122 (14.8)	0	454 (17.1)	18 (4)
March	15 (30.6)	0	10 (26.3)	1 (9.1)	47 (17.8)	2 (4.2)	9 (9.9)	0	80 (15.1)	0	161 (16.5)	3 (1.9)
April	11 (25)	3 (21.4)	10 (21.7)	0	45 (19.3)	3 (6.3)	38 (13.6)	0	42 (14.3)	0	146 (16.3)	6 (4.1)
May	14 (28)	2 (12.5)	13 (21.7)	2 (13.3)	51 (19.1)	2 (3.8)	69 (17.1)	0	N/A	N/A	147 (18.8)	6 (4.1)
Summer	39 (29.3)	7 (17.9)	38 (20.9)	2 (5.2)	124 (16.7)	5 (4)	109 (14.7)	2 (1.8)	N/A	N/A	310 (17.2)	16 (5.2)
June	18 (29.5)	5 (27.8)	10 (22.7)	0	40 (16.6)	2 (5)	45 (16.9)	0	N/A	N/A	113 (18.4)	7 (6.2)
July	8 (22.2)	0	8 (18.2)	1	43 (17.1)	0	36 (12.2)	0	N/A	N/A	95 (15.2)	1 (1.1)
August	13 (36.1)	2 (15.4)	20 (21.1)	1 (5)	41 (16.5)	3 (7.3)	28 (15.4)	2 (7.1)	N/A	N/A	102 (18.2)	8 (7.8)
Spring	12 (23.5)	1 (8.3)	72 (17)	4 (5.6)	73 (14.6)	2 (2.7)	3 (10)	0	N/A	N/A	187 (14.7)	7 (3.7)
September	4 (26.7)	0	23 (17.8)	0	27 (16.7)	2 (7.4)	3 (9.1)	0	N/A	N/A	57 (16.8)	2 (3.5)
October	5 (20)	1 (20)	24 (19)	1 (4.2)	20 (11.3)	0	1 (9.1)	0	N/A	N/A	50 (14.7)	2 ((4)
November	3 (27.3)	0	25 (14.8)	3 (12)	26 (16.2)	0	26 (10.2)	0	N/A	N/A	80 (14.3)	3 (3.8)

Abbreviations: N/A, not applicable; N, number of mycobacterium tuberculosis cases detected; MTB, mycobacterium tuberculosis; RR, rifampicin resistance.

Figure 2 Graphical presentation of TB and rifampicin resistance at Hiwot Fana Specialized University Hospital, Eastern Ethiopia, January 2015–April 2019.

Table 4 Factor Associated With Tuberculosis By Sex, Age, Status Of HIV, History Of TB, And Residence Of Study Participants At Hiwot Fana Specialized University Hospital, Eastern Ethiopia, January 2015–April 2019

Variables	MTB Detected		Crude OR [95% CI]	Adjusted OR [95% CI]	P-value
	Yes, N (%)	No, N (%)
Sex
Male	727 (16.7)	3,635 (83.3)	0.847 [0.75–0.96]	0.84 [0.75–0.96]	0.006*
Female	527 (14.5)	3,112 (85.5)	1	1
Age
≤14	197 (14.1)	1,204 (85.1)	1.12 [0.91–1.37]	1.14 [0.92–1.38]	0.230
15–29	501 (19.5)	2,068 (80.5)	1.65 [1.39–1.96]	1.7 [1.41–1.98]	0.001*
30–44	333 (14.6)	1,954 (85.4)	1.16 [1.97–1.40]	1.2 [0.98–1.42]	0.076
≥45	223 (12.8)	1,521 (87.2)	1	1
History of TB
Previous Rx	29 (27.6)	76 (72.4)	0.48 [0.31–0.74]	0.51 [0.33–0.78]	0.002*
New	1,225 (15.5)	6,671 (84.5)	1	1
HIV status
Reactive	19 (26.0)	54 (74.0)	0.52 [0.31–0.87]	0.51 [0.30–0.86]	0.013*
Unknown	1,172 (15.4)	6,452 (84.6)	0.76 [0.42–1.36]	0.51 [0.40–1.32]	0.298
Non-reactive	63 (20.7)	241 (79.3)	1	1
Resident
Rural	1,015 (16)	5,323 (84)	0.871 [0.75–1.02]	0.86 [0.74–1.0]	0.052
Urban	239 (14.4)	1,424 (85.6)	1	1

Note: *Statistically significant at P-value<0.05.

Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; OR, odds ratio; Rx, retreatment; TB, tuberculosis; N, number of mycobacterial tuberculosis cases detected.

Availability Of Data And Materials

The raw data set used/analyzed during the current study is available from the author on reasonable request.