Drinking Frequency but not Years may be Associated with Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms: Result from a Large Cross-Sectional Survey in Chinese Men

Figures & data

Table 1 Unadjusted ORs and 95%CIs for Total LUTS, IRR and OBS Symptoms by the Drinking Years

Independent Variables	Total	Total LUTS		IRR Symptoms		OBS Symptoms
		N	OR (95% CI)	N	OR (95%CI)	N	OR (95%CI)
Overall subjects
Never	362	39	1	48	1	40	1
Q1	700	37	0.46 (0.29–0.74)*	59	0.60 (0.40–0.90)*	36	0.43 (0.27–0.70)*
Q2	667	47	0.63 (0.40–0.98)*	59	0.64 (0.42–0.95)*	42	0.54 (0.34–0.85)*
Q3	739	56	0.68 (0.44–1.04)	81	0.81 (0.55–1.18)	48	0.56 (0.36–0.87)*
Q4	761	90	1.11 (0.75–1.66)	100	0.99 (0.68–1.43)	79	0.93 (0.62–1.40)
P-R2			0.18		0.08		0.17
<1 D/W drinkers only
Never	362	39	1	48	1	40	1
T1	423	29	0.61 (0.37–1.01)	41	0.70 (0.45–1.09)	26	0.53 (0.32–0.88)*
T2	461	26	0.50 (0.30–0.83)*	39	0.61 (0.39–0.95)*	25	0.46 (0.27–0.78)*
T3	456	46	0.93 (0.59–1.46)	58	0.95 (0.63–1.44)	40	0.77 (0.49–1.23)
P-R2			0.14		0.08		0.15
1–2 D/W drinkers only
Never	362	39	1	48	1	40	1
T1	267	12	0.39 (0.20–0.76)*	20	0.53 (0.31–0.92)*	10	0.31 (0.15–0.64)*
T2	280	11	0.34 (0.17–0.67)*	24	0.61 (0.37–1.03)	10	0.30 (0.15–0.61)*
T3	251	23	0.84 (0.49–1.44)	31	0.92 (0.57–1.50)	22	0.77 (0.45–1.34)
P-R2			0.34		0.13		0.43
3–4 D/W drinkers only
Never	362	39	1	48	1	40	1
T1	143	11	0.69 (0.34–1.39)	16	0.82 (0.45–1.51)	12	0.74 (0.38–1.45)
T2	126	10	0.71 (0.35–1.48)	13	0.75 (0.39–1.44)	11	0.77 (0.38–1.55)
T3	133	13	0.90 (0.46–1.74)	11	0.59 (0.30–1.17)	10	0.65 (0.32–1.35)
P-R2			0.05		0.07		0.05
≥5 D/W drinkers only
Never	362	39	1	48	1	40	1
T1	110	12	1.01 (0.51–2.01)	9	0.58 (0.28–1.23)	10	0.81 (0.39–1.67)
T2	115	18	1.54 (0.84–2.81)	21	1.46 (0.83–2.56)	16	1.30 (0.70–2.42)
T3	102	19	1.90 (1.04–3.45)*	16	1.22 (0.66–2.25)	13	1.18 (0.60–2.29)
P-R2			0.14		0.14		0.04

Note: *P<0.05.

Abbreviations: ORs, odds ratios; CIs, confidence intervals; Q, quartile; T, tertile; IRR, irritative symptoms; OBS, obstructive symptoms; LUTS, lower urinary tract symptoms; D/W, drinking per week; D/M, drinking per month; P-R2, R-squared Nagelkerke.

Table 2 Age- and Multivariate-Adjusted ORs and 95%CIs for Total LUTS, IRR and OBS Symptoms by the Drinking Years

Independent Variables	Total LUTS OR (95%CI)		IRR Symptoms OR (95%CI)		OBS Symptoms OR (95% CI)
	Age Adjusted	Multivariate Adjusted	Age Adjusted	Multivariate Adjusted	Age Adjusted	Multivariate Adjusted
Overall subjects
Never	1	1	1	1	1	1
Q1	0.82 (0.47–1.43)	0.83 (0.48–1.46)	1.06 (0.65–1.72)	1.09 (0.67–1.77)	0.60 (0.35–1.04)	0.62 (0.36–1.07)
Q2	0.91 (0.56–1.50)	0.93 (0.57–1.52)	0.92 (0.59–1.44)	0.94 (0.60–1.47)	0.67 (0.41–1.09)	0.68 (0.41–1.09)
Q3	0.81 (0.52–1.27)	0.83 (0.53–1.30)	0.96 (0.65–1.43)	0.97 (0.65–1.45)	0.61 (0.39–0.96)*	0.61 (0.39–0.96)*
Q4	0.88 (0.59–1.33)	0.90 (0.59–1.36)	0.79 (0.54–1.15)	0.79 (0.54–1.17)	0.81 (0.53–1.22)	0.81 (0.53–1.23)
P-R2	0.30	0.36	0.21	0.32	0.21	0.28
<1 D/W drinkers only
Never	1	1	1	1	1	1
T1	1.04 (0.56–1.94)	0.63 (0.38–1.05)	1.22 (0.70–2.13)	1.24 (0.72–2.16)	0.78 (0.42–1.45)	0.80 (0.43–1.49)
T2	0.66 (0.38–1.15)	0.51 (0.30–0.85)*	0.81 (0.50–1.32)	0.80 (0.49–1.31)	0.57 (0.32–0.99)*	0.56 (0.32–0.99)*
T3	0.83 (0.53–1.31)	0.97 (0.62–1.53)	0.84 (0.56–1.28)	0.86 (0.56–1.31)	0.70 (0.44–1.12)	0.71 (0.44–1.14)
P-R2	0.28	0.38	0.24	0.34	0.23	0.38
1–2 D/W drinkers only
Never	1	1	1	1	1	1
T1	0.78 (0.35–1.71)	0.41 (0.21–0.82)*	1.02 (0.53–1.98)	1.08 (0.56–2.09)	0.48 (0.21–1.07)	0.50 (0.22–1.14)
T2	0.49 (0.24–1.02)	0.37 (0.18–0.75)*	0.87 (0.50–1.52)	0.91 (0.52–1.60)	0.37 (0.18–0.78)*	0.39 (0.18–0.83)*
T3	0.75 (0.43–1.30)	0.85 (0.49–1.50)	0.83 (0.51–1.35)	0.85 (0.51–1.41)	0.71 (0.41–1.23)	0.69 (0.39–1.23)
P-R2	0.62	0.82	0.41	0.65	0.55	0.84
3–4 D/W drinkers only
Never	1	1	1	1	1	1
T1	1.13 (0.51–2.49)	0.73 (0.36–1.51)	1.40 (0.70–2.80)	1.41 (0.70–2.83)	0.93 (0.44–1.98)	0.85 (0.40–1.83)
T2	0.93 (0.44–2.00)	0.72 (0.34–1.51)	1.00 (0.51–1.98)	1.00 (0.50–1.99)	0.87 (0.42–1.79)	0.80 (0.39–1.68)
T3	0.78 (0.40–1.52)	0.84 (0.42–1.67)	0.51 (0.25–1.02)	0.51 (0.25–1.05)	0.60 (0.29–1.25)	0.53 (0.25–1.14)
P-R2	0.29	0.34	0.38	0.47	0.12	0.28
≥ 5 D/W drinkers only
Never	1	1	1	1	1	1
T1	1.46 (0.70–3.03)	1.24 (0.61–2.53)	0.85 (0.39–1.86)	0.97 (0.43–2.17)	1.08 (0.50–2.32)	1.13 (0.51–2.51)
T2	1.60 (0.87–2.95)	1.84 (0.96–3.51)	1.53 (0.86–2.70)	1.83 (0.99–3.37)	1.33 (0.71–2.49)	1.52 (0.77–2.97)
T3	1.11 (0.57–2.14)	1.68 (0.87–3.24)	0.68 (0.35–1.34)	0.75 (0.38–1.52)	0.74 (0.36–1.53)	0.78 (0.36–1.66)
P-R2	0.46	0.70	0.53	0.74	0.27	0.68

Notes: Multivariate-adjusted factors: age, physical activity, body mass index (BMI), cigarette smoking, hypertension, education, diabetes mellitus and dyslipidemia; *P < 0.05.

Abbreviations: ORs, odds ratios; CIs, confidence intervals; Q, quartile; T, tertile; IRR, irritative symptoms; OBS, obstructive symptoms; LUTS, lower urinary tract symptoms; D/W, drinking per week; D/M, drinking per month; P-R2, R-squared Nagelkerke.

Figure 1 The prevalence of moderate or severe LUTS increases apparently with age growth.

Table 3 Characteristics of the Study Population Stratified by the Severity of LUTS

Characteristics	The Severity of LUTS			P-value
	No Symptoms	Mild Symptoms	Moderate or Severe Symptoms
Number of subjects, n (%)	1056 (32.7)	1904 (59.0)	269 (8.3)
Age (years), n (%)
18–29	340 (32.2)	525 (27.6)	59 (21.9)	0.000
30–39	348 (33.0)	691 (36.3)	70 (26.0)
40–49	261 (24.7)	416 (21.8)	65 (24.2)
50–59	79 (7.5)	148 (7.8)	35 (13.0)
≥60	28 (2.7)	124 (6.5)	40 (14.9)
Alcohol consumption, f, n (%)
Never drinkers	119 (11.3)	204 (10.7)	39 (14.5)	0.000
< 1 times per week	456 (43.2)	783 (41.1)	101 (37.5)
1–2 times per week	242 (22.9)	510 (26.8)	46 (17.1)
3–4 times per week	136 (12.9)	232 (12.2)	34 (12.6)
≥5 times per week	103 (9.8)	175 (9.2)	49 (18.2)
Physical activity, f, n (%)
None	632 (59.8)	1151 (60.5)	174 (64.7)	0.075
1–2 times per week	125 (11.8)	240 (12.6)	30 (11.2)
3–4 times per week	149 (14.1)	248 (13.0)	19 (7.1)
≥ 5 times per week	150 (14.2)	265 (13.9)	46 (17.1)
BMI (kg/m^2), n (%)
< 24.0	634 (60.0)	1032 (54.2)	146 (54.3)	0.027
24.0–27.9	328 (31.1)	671 (35.2)	90 (33.5)
≥ 28.0	94 (8.9)	201 (10.6)	33 (12.3)
Cigarette smoking, n (%)
Never smokers	466 (44.1)	890 (46.7)	135 (50.2)	0.003
Former smokers	36 (3.4)	98 (5.1)	20 (7.4)
Current smokers	554 (52.5)	916 (48.1)	114 (42.4)
Education (years), n (%)
0–9	162 (15.3)	373 (19.6)	62 (23.0)	0.002
≥ 10	894 (84.7)	1531 (80.4)	207 (77.0)
Diabetes mellitus, yes, n (%)	38 (3.6)	88 (4.6)	18 (6.7)	0.078
Hypertension, yes, n (%)	175 (16.6)	382 (20.1)	63 (23.4)	0.013
Dyslipidemia, yes, n (%)	428 (40.5)	819 (43.0)	112 (41.6)	0.418

Notes: Illustrations: no symptoms, IPSS=0; mild symptoms, IPSS=1–7; moderate or severe symptoms, IPSS≥8; (IPSS, International Prostate Symptom Score).

Abbreviations: LUTS, lower urinary tract symptoms; BMI, body mass index; f, frequency; n, number.

Table 4 ORs and 95%CIs for Total LUTS, Irritative and Obstructive Symptoms Score by the Drinking Frequency

Dependent Variables	The Drinking Frequency OR(95%CI)
	Never	< 1 Times per Week	1–2 Times per Week	3–4 Times per Week	≥ 5 Times per Week	P-R2
Total number of subjects, n	362	1340	798	402	327
Total LUTS (M/S), n (%)	39 (10.8)	101 (7.5)	46 (5.8)	34 (8.5)	49 (15.0)
Unadjusted	1	0.68 (0.46–1.00)	0.51 (0.32–0.79)*	0.77 (0.47–1.24)	1.46 (0.93–2.29)	0.19
Age adjusted	1	0.82 (0.55–1.21)	0.62 (0.39–0.97)*	0.90 (0.55–1.47)	1.37 (0.87–2.15)	0.39
Multivariate adjusted	1	0.82 (0.55–1.22)	0.64 (0.40–1.01)	0.93 (0.56–1.52)	1.44 (0.90–2.30)	0.45
Irritative symptoms (M/S), n (%)	48 13.3)	138 (10.3)	75 (9.4)	40 (10.0)	46 (14.1)
Unadjusted	1	0.75 (0.53–1.07)	0.68 (0.46–0.99)*	0.72 (0.46–1.13)	1.07 (0.69–1.66)	0.05
Age adjusted	1	0.88 (0.62–1.26)	0.80 (0.54–1.91)	0.83 (0.53–1.30)	1.01 (0.65–1.56)	0.21
Multivariate adjusted	1	0.88 (0.62–1.27)	0.83 (0.56–1.24)	0.87 (0.55–1.38)	1.04 (0.66–1.62)	0.32
Obstructive symptoms (M/S), n (%)	40 (11.0)	91 (6.8)	42 (5.3)	33 (8.2)	39 (11.9)
Unadjusted	1	0.59 (0.40–0.87)*	0.45 (0.29–0.70)*	0.72 (0.44–1.17)	1.09 (0.68–1.74)	0.16
Age adjusted	1	0.67 (0.45–1.00)	0.52 (0.33–0.82)*	0.81 (0.50–1.32)	1.03 (0.64–1.65)	0.26
Multivariate adjusted	1	0.67 (0.45–1.00)	0.52 (0.33–0.83)*	0.82 (0.50–1.34)	1.06 (0.66–1.72)	0.34

Notes: Total LUTS: Overall International Prostate Symptoms Score (IPSS); multivariate-adjusted factors: age, physical activity, body mass index (BMI), cigarette smoking, hypertension, education, diabetes mellitus and dyslipidemia; *P < 0.05.

Abbreviations: ORs, odds ratios; CIs, confidence intervals; LUTS, lower urinary tract symptoms; M/S, moderate or severe symptoms; P-R2, R-squared Nagelkerke.