The Influence of Nonpharmacological Complex Therapy Conducted at a Community Day-Care Center on Cognitive function and Mood in Older Adults

Figures & data

Table 1 Weekly Task Plan and Schedule of the Therapy Conducted at the CD-CC

Monday	Tuesday	Wednesday	Thursday	Friday
7:30–9:00 Personal rehabilitation with a physiotherapist, conversations, press at shared tea/coffee	7:30–9:00 Personal rehabilitation with a physiotherapist, conversations, press at shared tea/coffee	7:30–9:00 Personal rehabilitation with a physiotherapist, conversations, press at shared tea/coffee	7:30–9:00 Personal rehabilitation with a physiotherapist, conversations, press at shared tea/coffee	7:30–9:00 Personal rehabilitation with a physiotherapist, conversations, press at shared tea/coffee
9:00–9:30 Movement therapy Shared morning gymnastics	9:00–9:30 Movement therapy Shared morning gymnastics	9:00–9:30 Movement therapy Shared morning gymnastics/dance	9:00–9:30 Movement therapy Shared morning gymnastics	9:00–9:30 Movement therapy Shared morning gymnastics
9:30–10:00 Breakfast	9:30–10:00 Breakfast	9:30–10:00 Breakfast	9:30–10:00 Breakfast	9:30–10:00 Breakfast
10:00–11:30 Occupational therapy in selected small groups, culinary training, budget training, leisure skills	10:00–11;30 Occupational therapy in selected small groups, rhythm classes, choreotherapy, music group	10:00–11:30 Occupational therapy in selected small groups relaxation training, breathing exercises	10:00–11:30 Occupational therapy in selected small groups table games, fun, sports, laughter therapy	10:00–11:30 Occupational therapy in selected small groups manual art and technical classes, handicrafts
11:30–12:00 Coffee	11:30–12:00 Coffee	11:30–12:00 Coffee	11:30–12:00 Coffee	11:30–12:00 Coffee
12:00–13:00 Group classes/theatre group/karaoke	12:00–13:00 Walk in groups	12:00–13:00 Group classes, Nordic Walking	12:00–13:00 Walk in groups	12:00–13:00 Manual classes, reading room
13:10–13:40 Classes in small groups or individual, therapy of cognitive functions using paper - pencil boards, Reha Com computer program	13:10–13:40 Classes in small groups or individual, therapy of cognitive functions using paper - pencil boards, Reha Com computer program	13:10–13:40 Classes in small groups or individual, therapy of cognitive functions using paper - pencil boards, Reha Com computer program	13:10–13:40 Classes in small groups or individual, therapy of cognitive functions using paper - pencil boards, Reha Com computer program	13:10–13:40 Classes in small groups or individual, therapy of cognitive functions using paper - pencil boards, Reha Com computer program
13:40–14:00 Lunch-eating together	13:40–14:00 Lunch-eating together	13:40–14:00 Lunch-eating together	13:40–14:00 Lunch-eating together	13:40–14:00 Lunch-eating together
14:00–15:00 Ergotherapy, together ordering therapeutic rooms	14:00–15:00 Ergotherapy, together ordering therapeutic rooms	14:00–15:00 Ergotherapy, together ordering therapeutic rooms	14:00–15:00 Ergotherapy, together ordering therapeutic rooms	14:00–15:00 Ergotherapy, together ordering therapeutic rooms

Table 2 Characteristics of the Study and Control Groups

Variables	SG n=46	CG n=45	p-value*
Sex: women/men [%]	25/21	33/12	NS
Age [years]	66 [range: 56–85]	69 [range 58–86]	NS
Place of residence town/village [%]	9/91	67/33	p<0.001
Type of residence single/with family [%]	50/50	47/53	NS
Assessment of material situation good/medium/bad [%]	17/74/9	35/59/6	NS
Education higher/vocational/secondary/primary [%]	0/25/11/64	13/27 42/18	p=0.001
Functional efficiency independent/needs help [%]	94/6	100/0	NS
Other mental disorders [%]: Depression Anxiety disorders Affective disorders Mood and personality disorders Dementia	40 7 6 17 30	–	–

Notes: *Chi-square test, p<0,05.

Table 3 Cognitive Tests Results in Groups Before Intervention

Test	SG		CG		p*
	M	SD	M	SD
MMSE	23.174	4.963	26.267	3.033	0.002
CDT	1.5	0,81	1.133	0.405	0.012
L-VFT correctly	10.594	2.608	11.778	3.269	0.105
L-VFT errors	1.789	1.408	1.037	1.427	0.003
C-VFT correctly	12.587	5.256	12.600	6.390	0.673
C-VFT errors	0.435	0.75	0.200	0.548	0.198
DST F	7.108	1.16	7.178	2.863	0.445
DST B	4.304	9.138	4.156	2.374	0.023
DST T	9.886	3.366	11.267	4.779	0.047
SCWT I time	47.104	35.829	40.758	36.368	0.020
SCWT II time	50.867	41.217	48.444	45.639	0.044
SCWT I errors	0.261	0.743	0.111	0.611	0.387
SCWT II errors	1.000	2.459	1.444	3.671	0.450

Note: *Test U Mann–Whitney.

Abbreviations: MMSE, Mini Mental State Examination; CDT, Clock Drawing Test; VFT, Verbal Fluency Test; Letter VFT; Category VFT (Animals); DST, Digit Span Test; DST Forward; DST Backward; DST TOTAL; SCWT, Stroop Color and Word Test; SCWT part I; SCWT part II; M, arithmetic average; SD, standard deviations.

Table 4 Cognitive Tests' Results in the Study Group Before and After Intervention

Test	Before Intervention		After Intervention		p*
	M	SD	M	SD
MMSE	23.174	4.963	23.913	5.299	0.065
CDT	1.5	0.81	1.391	0.856	0.372
L-VFT correctly	10.594	2.608	10.985	2.649	0.118
L-VFT errors	1.789	1.408	1.079	1.180	0.001
C-VFT correctly	12.587	5.256	12.717	6.742	0.941
C-VFT errors	0.435	0.75	0.261	0.535	0.263
DST F	7.1080	1.816	6.956	2.118	0.727
DST B	4.304	9.138	2.652	1.864	0.457
DST T	9.886	3.366	9.608	3.276	0.229
SCWT I time	47.104	35.829	44.460	39.616	0.472
SCWT II time	50.867	41.217	47.223	26.287	0.933
SCWT I errors	0.261	0.743	0.087	0.285	0.123
SCWT II errors	1.000	2.459	0.609	1.000	0.39

Note: *Wilcoxon pairs order test.

Abbreviations: MMSE, Mini Mental State Examination; CDT, Clock Drawing Test; VFT, Verbal Fluency Test; Letter VFT; Category VFT (Animals); DST, Digit Span Test; DST Forward; DST Backward; DST TOTAL; SCWT, Stroop Color and Word Test; SCWT part I; SCWT part II.

Table 5 Cognitive Tests' Results in Study and Control Groups After Intervention

Test	SG		CG		p*
	M	SD	M	SD
MMSE	23.913	5.299	26.267	3.033	0.103
CDT	1.391	0.856	1.133	0.405	0.405
L-VFT correctly	10.986	2.649	3.269	3.269	0.306
L-VFT errors	1.080	1.180	1.427	1.427	0.545
C-VFT correctly	12.717	6.742	6.390	6.390	0.915
C-VFT errors	0.261	0.535	0.548	0.548	0.610
DST F	6.957	2.118	2.863	2.863	0.284
DST B	2.652	1.864	2.374	2.374	0.003
DST T	9.609	3.276	4.779	4.779	0.019
SCWT I time	44.46	39.616	40.758	36.368	0.057
SCWT II time	47.223	26.287	48.444	45.639	0.034
SCWT I errors	0.087	0.285	0.111	0.611	0.743
SCWT II errors	0.609	1.000	1.444	3.671	0.499

Note: *U Mann–Whitney test.

Abbreviations: MMSE, Mini Mental State Examination; CDT, Clock Drawing Test; VFT, Verbal Fluency Test; Letter VFT; Category-VFT (Animals); DST, Digit Span Test; DST Forward; DST Backward; DST TOTAL; SCWT, Stroop Color and Word Test; SCWT part I; SCWT part II.

Table 6 BDI and HADS Results in Both Groups Before Intervention

Test	SG		CG		p*
	M	SD	M	SD
BDI	14.087	7.947	11.133	9.445	0.014
HADS D	7.326	3.700	5.867	3.823	0.052
HADS L	5.217	4.027	3.978	3.876	0.075

Note: *U Mann–Whitney test.

Abbreviations: BDI, Beck Depression Inventory; HADS, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale; HADS D, depression scale; HADS L, anxiety scale.

Table 7 BDI and HADS Results in Study Group Before and After Intervention

Test	Before Intervention		After Intervention		p*
	M	SD	M	SD
BDI	13.392	7.993	8.882	7.016	0.00002
HADS D	7.02	3.744	4.02	3.717	0.00001
HADS L	5.216	3.997	3.196	3.188	0.00056

Note: *Wilcoxon pairs order test.

Abbreviations: BDI, Beck Depression Inventory; HADS, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale; HADS D, depression scale; HADS L, anxiety scale.

Table 8 BDI and HADS Results in Study and Control Groups After Intervention

Test	SG		CG		p*
	M	SD	M	SD
BDI	9.326	7.171	11.133	9.445	0.638
HADS D	4.239	3.766	5.867	3.823	0.024
HADS L	3.065	3.094	3.978	3.876	0.349

Note: *U Mann–Whitney test.

Abbreviations: BDI, Beck Depression Inventory; HADS, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale; HADS D, depression scale; HADS L, anxiety scale.