Current Options in the Treatment of COVID-19: A Review

Figures & data

Table 1 Available Drugs for the Treatment of Patients with COVID-19

Groups	Drugs	Applications	Results Related to COVID-19
Antivirals	Lopinavir–ritonavir (LPV-RTV)	HIV^Citation9	Reducing the disease symptoms in the early stage,^Citation12^–^Citation14 not accelerating the disease treatment,^Citation16 increasing the risk of bradycardia^Citation18
	Remdesivir (RDV)	Ebola^Citation19	Accelerating the patient’s recovery, having no specific side effects^Citation22^–^Citation24
	Favipiravir (FPV)	Influenza^Citation26,Citation27	Accelerating the patient’s recovery, having few side effects^Citation28,Citation29
	Arbidol (ARB)	Influenza^Citation30	Having proper performance,^Citation34^–^Citation37 having no specific side effects^Citation34
	Ribavirin	Lassa^Citation40	Having no clear benefit, having no treatment advantage,^Citation41 having in vitro antiviral effects against SARS-CoV-2^Citation43
	Chloroquine, Hydroxy chloroquine (CQ/HCQ)	Viral and autoimmune diseases^Citation46,Citation47	Effectively controlling the disease with or without azithromycin, reducing mortality, having no high-risk side effects^Citation49^–^Citation52,Citation54,Citation57
Antibiotics	Azithromycin	Many types of bacterial infections^Citation60,Citation61	Having good performance in combination with HCQ, reducing mortality, having no special side effects^Citation63^–^Citation67,Citation69
	Teicoplanin	Ebola^Citation70,Citation71	Having inhibitory effects on viral infection^Citation70^–^Citation72
Immune modulators	Baricitinib	Inflammatory diseases, rheumatoid Arthritis^Citation90,Citation91	Reducing inflammatory responses,^Citation90,Citation91 having a greater efficiency in combination with RDV and LPV-RTV,^Citation93 having the possibility of creating anemia^Citation95,Citation96
	Corticosteroids (CSs)	Inflammatory diseases^Citation98	Reducing mortality,^Citation102 having short-term or long-term side effects
	Anakinra	Inflammatory diseases^Citation108	Having good performance, reducing mortality,^Citation110^–^Citation112
	Tocilizumab (TCZ)	Inflammatory diseases, rheumatoid arthritis^Citation116	Showing significant clinical progress, reducing inflammatory markers, reducing mortality, reducing the risk of invasive mechanical ventilation, improving oxygen delivery in patients, having few side effects^Citation117^–^Citation123
Anticoagulants	Heparin	Coagulation problems^Citation130	Reducing mortality,^Citation129 having side effects including drug resistance and heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT)^Citation130,Citation131
	Nafamostat mesylate	Coagulation problems^Citation134	Having the ability for in vitro inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 S protein-mediated cell fusion and its infection,^Citation132^–^Citation134 improving clinical conditions in patients in need of supplementary oxygen therapy.^Citation135

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