Predictors of (in)efficiencies of Healthcare Expenditure Among the Leading Asian Economies – Comparison of OECD and Non-OECD Nations

Figures & data

Table 1 Descriptive Statistics

Variables	Obs	Mean	Std. Dev.	Min	Country (Min)**	Max	Country (Max)**
Healthy life expectancy, years	45	64.032	6.020	53.518	Pakistan	74.812	Japan; Korea (73.036)
Healthy life expectancy*, years	198	63.387	6.030283	51.000	Pakistan	74.956	Japan; Korea (73.036)
Infant mortality, per 1,000 live births	198	26.490	24.369	1.900	Japan; Korea (2.8)	95.500	Pakistan
Under-five mortality, per 1,000 live births	198	33.455	31.696	2.600	Japan; Korea (3.3)	123.500	Pakistan
Current health expenditure per capita	162	784.356	1043.901	79.590	Pakistan	4,592.428	Japan; Korea (2711.738)
Current health expenditure as a share of GDP	198	4.235	1.923	1.900	India	10.940	Japan; Korea (7.60)
CO2 emissions per capita, tonnes per year	198	4.446	3.629	0.727	Pakistan	12.085	Korea; Japan (10.241)
Unsafe water drinking	36	666.802	945.512	4.045	Japan; Korea (4.580)	3,869.846	India
Unsafe water drinking*	198	701.016	998.389	3.422	Japan; Korea (4.580)	4,512.430	India
Animal protein consumption, kilocalories per person per day	126	118.389	51.872	38.520	Indonesia	223.720	Japan
Animal protein consumption, kilocalories per person per day*	198	118.295	52.378	38.280	Indonesia	223.720	Japan
Plant protein consumption, kilocalories per person per day	126	167.076	29.038	127.000	Philippines	233.600	China
Plant protein consumption, kilocalories per person per day*	198	167.622	29.378	126.040	Philippines	233.600	China
Fat consumption, kilocalories per person per day	126	628.826	160.990	396.180	India	946.890	Korea; China (862.83); Japan (815.49)
Fat consumption, kilocalories per person per day*	198	625.098	163.501	383.130	India	946.890	Korea; China (862.83); Japan (815.49)
Carbohydrates consumption, kilocalories per person per day	126	1781.455	155.924	1431.220	Pakistan; Japan (1546.85)	2,048.390	Korea
Carbohydrates consumption, kilocalories per person per day*	198	1792.202	156.009	1431.220	Pakistan; Japan (1546.85)	2,107.920	Korea
Regulatory quality [−2.5; 2.5]***	180	0.114	0.585	−0.905	Pakistan	1.428	Japan
Regulatory quality* [1; 6]***	198	2.015	0.573	1.000	Pakistan	3.333	Japan
Control of corruption [−2.5; 2.5]***	180	−0.148	0.698	−1.220	Indonesia	1.695	Japan; Korea (0.624)
Control of corruption* [1; 6]***	198	2.073	0.695	1.000	Indonesia	3.915	Japan; Korea (2.834)
GDP per capita	198	13632.990	11068.280	2334.300	Indonesia	38,907.370	Japan; Korea (36,776.519)
Real GDP growth	198	4.815	3.535	−13.100	Japan	14.300	China
Unemployment	198	3.329	1.569	0.398	Pakistan	8.060	Indonesia; Japan (5.400)
Population density	198	248.106	138.551	63.971	Malaysia	527.918	Korea
Urbanization	198	52.781	19.782	26.817	India	91.535	Japan

Notes: *Denotes that data imputations based on linear model estimates were made for missing observations; **In columns “Country (min)” and “Country (max)”, the first country name refers to a country with the minimal (maximal) value respectively. The following country names (if any), with respective values in parentheses; refer to respective countries, which stay second (and third) if ascending (descending) of the values is applied; ***Regulatory quality and Control of corruption are continuous variables. The higher values mean the higher [regulatory] quality or better control [of corruption] respectively.

Table 2 Predictors of Infant Mortality in Nine Asian Countries: Log-Linear Regression Estimates

Variables	ln(Infant Mortality)
	(2.1)	(2.2)	(2.3)	(2.4)
	OECD	Non-OECD	OECD	Non-OECD
CHE as a share of GDP	0.0363	−0.193***
	(0.0718)	(0.0492)
ln(CHE per capita)			0.215	−0.238***
			(0.346)	(0.0691)
Regulatory quality [1; 6]	0.0932	−0.393***	1.288	−1.128***
	(0.180)	(0.0948)	(0.945)	(0.144)
Regulatory quality*CHE/GDP	−0.0166	0.153***
	(0.0233)	(0.0280)
Regulatory quality*ln(CHE pc)			−0.168	0.225***
			(0.122)	(0.0259)
ln(Unsafe water drinking)	−0.346*	0.0981***	0.0968	0.0757***
	(0.183)	(0.0147)	(0.304)	(0.0128)
ln(CO2 per capita)	0.124	0.115**	0.204	0.182***
	(0.209)	(0.0534)	(0.250)	(0.0496)
ln(Animal protein consum. pc)	12.52**	0.987	−1.799	0.786
	(5.763)	(0.860)	(10.62)	(1.110)
ln(Animal protein consum. pc)Sq	−1.239**	−0.106	0.155	−0.128
	(0.565)	(0.103)	(1.038)	(0.132)
ln(Plant protein consum. pc)	153.7***	11.43**	79.19	−1.674
	(30.82)	(5.083)	(46.43)	(5.801)
(ln(Plant protein consum. pc))Sq	−14.49***	−1.194**	−7.460	0.141
	(2.922)	(0.500)	(4.405)	(0.573)
ln(Carbohydrates consum. pc)	−133.9***	41.76**	−51.33	63.10***
	(33.64)	(16.33)	(55.22)	(14.81)
(ln(Carbohydrates consum. pc))Sq	8.850***	−2.765**	3.349	−4.228***
	(2.230)	(1.088)	(3.667)	(0.986)
ln(Fat consumption pc)	−4.312	−5.605	4.202	−3.716
	(15.39)	(3.774)	(19.80)	(4.504)
(ln(Fat consumption pc))Sq	0.310	0.424	−0.345	0.303
	(1.144)	(0.306)	(1.477)	(0.363)
ln(GDP per capita)	−1.861***	−0.359***	−0.857	−0.623***
	(0.319)	(0.0553)	(0.606)	(0.104)
Unemployment	−0.0251**	−0.0202***	−0.0164	−0.00781
	(0.0112)	(0.00614)	(0.0218)	(0.00623)
ln(Population density)	3.786**	−0.214***	1.144	−0.0440
	(1.717)	(0.0758)	(2.638)	(0.0911)
Urbanization	−0.0113	−0.0283***	−0.0136	−0.0273***
	(0.00680)	(0.00223)	(0.00923)	(0.00248)
Constant	81.93	−160.1**	−18.82	−209.5***
	(87.45)	(61.90)	(108.0)	(59.14)
Observations	44	154	36	126
R-squared	0.997	0.980	0.996	0.982
Number of countries	2	7	2	7

Notes: Standard errors in parentheses, ***<0.01; **P<0.05; *P<0.1.

Table 4 Predictors of Healthy Life Expectancy in Nine Asian Countries: Log-Linear Regression Estimates

Variables	ln(Healthy Life Expectancy)
	(4.1)	(4.2)	(4.3)	(4.4)
	OECD	Non-OECD	OECD	Non-OECD
CHE as a share of GDP	0.00309	0.0302***
	(0.00568)	(0.00920)
ln(CHE per capita)			−0.00225	0.0212*
			(0.0198)	(0.0111)
Regulatory quality [1; 6]	0.00981	0.0592***	−0.0610	0.116***
	(0.0142)	(0.0177)	(0.0541)	(0.0231)
Regulatory quality*CHE/GDP	−0.000737	−0.0154***
	(0.00184)	(0.00523)
Regulatory quality*ln(CHE pc)			0.00794	−0.0204***
			(0.00697)	(0.00415)
ln(Unsafe water drinking)	0.0457***	−0.0114***	−0.000572	−0.00613***
	(0.0145)	(0.00274)	(0.0174)	(0.00206)
ln(CO2 per capita)	−0.0103	0.00788	−0.0178	−0.0139*
	(0.0166)	(0.00998)	(0.0143)	(0.00796)
ln(Animal protein consum. pc)	−1.085**	0.0184	−0.626	0.370**
	(0.456)	(0.161)	(0.608)	(0.178)
ln(Animal protein consum. pc)Sq	0.105**	0.000156	0.0595	−0.0399*
	(0.0447)	(0.0192)	(0.0594)	(0.0212)
ln(Plant protein consum. pc)	−12.19***	−1.651*	−4.230	1.687*
	(2.439)	(0.950)	(2.658)	(0.931)
(ln(Plant protein consum. pc))Sq	1.157***	0.151	0.401	−0.177*
	(0.231)	(0.0935)	(0.252)	(0.0920)
ln(Carbohydrates consum. pc)	10.96***	8.321***	3.544	4.531*
	(2.662)	(3.054)	(3.161)	(2.377)
(ln(Carbohydrates consum. pc))Sq	−0.728***	−0.552***	−0.236	−0.299*
	(0.176)	(0.203)	(0.210)	(0.158)
ln(Fat consumption pc)	1.408	2.136***	−1.200	0.599
	(1.218)	(0.706)	(1.133)	(0.723)
(ln(Fat consumption pc))Sq	−0.107	−0.164***	0.0900	−0.0492
	(0.0905)	(0.0573)	(0.0846)	(0.0582)
ln(GDP per capita)	0.183***	−0.0321***	0.0894**	0.0298*
	(0.0252)	(0.0103)	(0.0347)	(0.0167)
Unemployment	0.00261***	0.00178	0.000684	−0.000859
	(0.000884)	(0.00115)	(0.00125)	(0.001000)
ln(Population density)	−0.220	0.127***	0.0935	0.159***
	(0.136)	(0.0142)	(0.151)	(0.0146)
Urbanization	−0.000777	0.00326***	−9.05e-05	0.00297***
	(0.000539)	(0.000417)	(0.000528)	(0.000398)
Constant	−7.329	−30.32***	6.304	−21.00**
	(6.921)	(11.57)	(6.184)	(9.495)
Observations	44	154	36	126
R-squared	0.997	0.931	0.998	0.948
Number of countries	2	7	2	7

Notes: Standard errors in parentheses, ***<0.01; **P<0.05; *P<0.1.

Table 3 Predictors of Under-Five Mortality in Nine Asian Countries: Log-Linear Regression Estimates

Variables	ln(Under-Five Mortality)
	(3.1)	(3.2)	(3.3)	(3.4)
	OECD	Non-OECD	OECD	Non-OECD
CHE as a share of GDP	0.0362	−0.220***
	(0.104)	(0.0531)
ln(CHE per capita)			0.227	−0.253***
			(0.579)	(0.0777)
Regulatory quality [1; 6]	0.0804	−0.459***	1.079	−1.241***
	(0.260)	(0.102)	(1.579)	(0.162)
Regulatory quality*CHE/GDP	−0.0115	0.172***
	(0.0337)	(0.0302)
Regulatory quality*ln(CHE pc)			−0.138	0.245***
			(0.204)	(0.0291)
ln(Unsafe water drinking)	−0.413	0.102***	0.0539	0.0760***
	(0.265)	(0.0158)	(0.509)	(0.0144)
ln(CO2 per capita)	0.0738	0.117**	0.154	0.189***
	(0.303)	(0.0576)	(0.418)	(0.0558)
ln(Animal protein consum. pc)	11.26	0.685	6.493	−0.131
	(8.328)	(0.927)	(17.75)	(1.249)
ln(Animal protein consum. pc)Sq	−1.112	−0.0783	−0.656	−0.0298
	(0.816)	(0.111)	(1.734)	(0.148)
ln(Plant protein consum. pc)	114.1**	14.29**	15.81	−2.278
	(44.54)	(5.484)	(77.60)	(6.525)
(ln(Plant protein consum. pc))Sq	−10.78**	−1.480***	−1.474	0.201
	(4.222)	(0.540)	(7.362)	(0.645)
ln(Carbohydrates consum. pc)	−109.8**	44.09**	−8.445	68.06***
	(48.60)	(17.62)	(92.29)	(16.66)
(ln(Carbohydrates consum. pc))Sq	7.297**	−2.925**	0.561	−4.567***
	(3.222)	(1.174)	(6.129)	(1.109)
ln(Fat consumption pc)	5.860	−5.897	14.33	−3.303
	(22.24)	(4.072)	(33.09)	(5.066)
(ln(Fat consumption pc))Sq	−0.449	0.441	−1.099	0.266
	(1.653)	(0.331)	(2.469)	(0.408)
ln(GDP per capita)	−2.204***	−0.374***	−1.199	−0.685***
	(0.461)	(0.0596)	(1.013)	(0.117)
Unemployment	−0.0338**	−0.0214***	−0.0188	−0.00969
	(0.0161)	(0.00662)	(0.0365)	(0.00700)
ln(Population density)	5.419**	−0.288***	2.097	−0.0966
	(2.481)	(0.0817)	(4.409)	(0.102)
Urbanization	−0.0113	−0.0275***	−0.0207	−0.0266***
	(0.00983)	(0.00241)	(0.0154)	(0.00279)
Constant	56.79	−173.0**	−72.46	−224.0***
	(126.4)	(66.78)	(180.6)	(66.53)
Observations	44	154	36	126
R-squared	0.993	0.980	0.988	0.979
Number of countries	2	7	2	7

Notes: Standard errors in parentheses, ***<0.01; **P<0.05; *P<0.1.

Table 5 Oaxaca-Blinder Decomposition of Infant Mortality in Nine Asian Countries: Log-Linear Estimates with CHE as a Share of GDP

Variables	ln(Infant Mortality)
	Overall	Endowments	Coefficients	Interaction	Overall	Endowments	Coefficients	Interaction
CHE as a share of GDP		−0.306	0.555	0.590		−0.118	0.125	0.133
		(0.344)	(0.424)	(0.454)		(0.303)	(0.410)	(0.437)
Regulatory quality [1; 6]		−0.220	0.778*	0.448*
		(0.178)	(0.471)	(0.272)
Regulatory quality*CHE/GDP		0.808	−0.559	−1.291
		(0.736)	(0.354)	(0.825)
Control of corruption [1; 6]						−0.127	0.118	0.0900
						(0.208)	(0.402)	(0.307)
Control of corruption*CHE/GDP						0.476	−0.205	−0.563
						(0.774)	(0.312)	(0.858)
ln(Unsafe water drinking)		−1.061***	−3.159**	2.304**		−1.041***	−4.491***	3.276***
		(0.110)	(1.251)	(0.913)		(0.115)	(1.017)	(0.745)
ln(CO2 per capita)		−0.493***	0.403**	0.863**		−0.486***	0.634***	1.358***
		(0.102)	(0.182)	(0.384)		(0.104)	(0.147)	(0.296)
ln(Animal protein consum. pc)		2.959***	38.81	6.053		3.057***	54.08*	8.434*
		(0.819)	(30.05)	(4.700)		(0.904)	(29.74)	(4.665)
ln(Animal protein consum. pc)Sq		−3.198***	−16.40	−5.319		−3.293***	−23.01*	−7.465*
		(0.929)	(13.50)	(4.390)		(1.022)	(13.41)	(4.370)
ln(Plant protein consum. pc)		2.076**	565.7***	11.13***		2.332**	628.0***	12.35***
		(0.967)	(179.0)	(4.298)		(1.041)	(198.4)	(4.767)
(ln(Plant protein consum. pc))Sq		−2.005**	−270.1***	−10.53**		−2.254**	−300.1***	−11.70**
		(0.956)	(86.50)	(4.134)		(1.027)	(95.79)	(4.583)
ln(Carbohydrates consum. pc)		0.867	−1,169***	−3.544		0.564	−1,250***	−3.790
		(1.022)	(381.0)	(2.970)		(0.846)	(390.6)	(3.157)
(ln(Carbohydrates consum. pc))Sq		−0.889	578.5***	3.562		−0.584	616.3***	3.795
		(1.036)	(189.5)	(2.953)		(0.861)	(194.1)	(3.127)
ln(Fat consumption pc)		−9.310***	33.43	1.880		−9.356***	−7.776	−0.437
		(2.097)	(109.3)	(6.148)		(2.404)	(117.4)	(6.601)
(ln(Fat consumption pc))Sq		9.706***	−23.09	−2.637		9.738***	−3.798	−0.434
		(2.183)	(51.93)	(5.932)		(2.491)	(56.01)	(6.395)
ln(GDP per capita)		−0.329***	−7.355***	−1.213***		−0.337***	−8.521***	−1.405***
		(0.114)	(1.826)	(0.305)		(0.114)	(2.199)	(0.367)
Unemployment		−0.0324***	0.116***	0.0307**		−0.0304***	0.125***	0.0332**
		(0.0114)	(0.0434)	(0.0135)		(0.0110)	(0.0416)	(0.0134)
ln(Population density)		−0.0991***	−5.778***	−0.997***		−0.0894**	−5.174***	−0.893***
		(0.0375)	(1.757)	(0.308)		(0.0374)	(1.670)	(0.293)
Urbanization		−0.698***	−0.0369	−0.0331		−0.689***	−0.0193	−0.0173
		(0.0845)	(0.332)	(0.297)		(0.0800)	(0.333)	(0.298)
OECD group	1.240***				1.240***
	(0.0589)				(0.0589)
Non-OECD group	3.217***				3.217***
	(0.0630)				(0.0630)
Difference	−1.977***				−1.977***
	(0.0862)				(0.0862)
Endowments	−2.224***				−2.237***
	(0.236)				(0.305)
Coefficients	−1.049				−2.509***
	(1.340)				(0.943)
Interaction	1.297				2.769***
	(1.362)				(0.991)
Constant			275.7*				301.0*
			(160.0)				(154.7)
Observations	198	198	198	198	198	198	198	198

Notes: Standard errors in parentheses, ***<0.01, **P<0.05, *P<0.1.

Table 6 Oaxaca-Blinder Decomposition of Under-Five Mortality in Nine Asian Countries: Log-Linear Estimates with CHE as a Share of GDP

Variables	ln(Under-Five Mortality)
	Overall	Endowments	Coefficients	Interaction	Overall	Endowments	Coefficients	Interaction
CHE as a share of GDP		−0.197	0.500	0.532		−0.0705	0.426	0.453
		(0.370)	(0.523)	(0.558)		(0.326)	(0.504)	(0.538)
Regulatory quality [1; 6]		−0.200	0.798	0.459
		(0.191)	(0.604)	(0.348)
Regulatory quality*CHE/GDP		0.652	−0.496	−1.146
		(0.792)	(0.409)	(0.949)
Control of corruption [1; 6]						−0.107	0.313	0.239
						(0.224)	(0.496)	(0.379)
Control of corruption*CHE/GDP						0.449	−0.332	−0.910
						(0.833)	(0.354)	(0.974)
ln(Unsafe water drinking)		−1.143***	−3.547**	2.587**		−1.116***	−4.935***	3.600***
		(0.118)	(1.768)	(1.291)		(0.124)	(1.368)	(1.000)
ln(CO2 per capita)		−0.430***	0.364	0.781		−0.440***	0.660***	1.415***
		(0.110)	(0.251)	(0.535)		(0.111)	(0.188)	(0.389)
ln(Animal protein consum. pc)		2.757***	34.92	5.445		2.911***	46.19	7.203
		(0.878)	(42.35)	(6.612)		(0.969)	(39.93)	(6.242)
ln(Animal protein consum. pc)Sq		−2.963***	−14.80	−4.801		−3.123***	−19.66	−6.379
		(0.997)	(18.97)	(6.160)		(1.096)	(17.94)	(5.832)
ln(Plant protein consum. pc)		2.242**	318.6	6.265		2.534**	437.4*	8.602
		(1.043)	(250.7)	(5.122)		(1.123)	(265.6)	(5.560)
(ln(Plant protein consum. pc))Sq		−2.180**	−151.2	−5.893		−2.461**	−208.1	−8.112
		(1.033)	(121.0)	(4.904)		(1.110)	(128.1)	(5.323)
ln(Carbohydrates consum. pc)		0.999	−991.2**	−3.006		0.648	−1,135**	−3.441
		(1.135)	(486.7)	(2.751)		(0.928)	(490.5)	(3.045)
(ln(Carbohydrates consum. pc))Sq		−1.022	492.3**	3.031		−0.668	560.6**	3.451
		(1.149)	(241.8)	(2.747)		(0.943)	(243.5)	(3.026)
ln(Fat consumption pc)		−10.36***	80.82	4.544		−10.59***	91.40	5.139
		(2.268)	(151.6)	(8.528)		(2.600)	(155.1)	(8.729)
(ln(Fat consumption pc))Sq		10.75***	−45.81	−5.231		10.97***	−51.30	−5.857
		(2.359)	(71.72)	(8.198)		(2.693)	(73.76)	(8.432)
ln(GDP per capita)		−0.450***	−7.241***	−1.194***		−0.455***	−9.617***	−1.585***
		(0.124)	(2.510)	(0.417)		(0.123)	(2.919)	(0.486)
Unemployment		−0.0363***	0.127**	0.0339**		−0.0342***	0.126**	0.0336**
		(0.0125)	(0.0538)	(0.0163)		(0.0121)	(0.0497)	(0.0153)
ln(Population density)		−0.0590	−6.376**	−1.101**		−0.0495	−6.457***	−1.115***
		(0.0401)	(2.484)	(0.433)		(0.0400)	(2.250)	(0.393)
Urbanization		−0.657***	−0.193	−0.173		−0.655***	−0.0468	−0.0419
		(0.0904)	(0.463)	(0.414)		(0.0855)	(0.444)	(0.398)
OECD group	1.476***				1.476***
	(0.0512)				(0.0512)
Non-OECD group	3.424***				3.424***
	(0.0662)				(0.0662)
Difference	−1.948***				−1.948***
	(0.0836)				(0.0836)
Endowments	−2.294***				−2.253***
	(0.254)				(0.329)
Coefficients	−0.789				−2.390*
	(1.898)				(1.270)
Interaction	1.135				2.694**
	(1.915)				(1.312)
Constant			291.7				295.7
			(193.6)				(183.5)
Observations	198	198	198	198	198	198	198	198

Notes: Standard errors in parentheses, ***<0.01; **P<0.05, *P<0.1.

Table 7 Oaxaca-Blinder Decomposition of Healthy Life Expectancy in Nine Asian Countries: Log-Linear Estimates with CHE as a Share of GDP

Variables	ln(Healthy Life Expectancy)
	Overall	Endowments	Coefficients	Interaction	Overall	Endowments	Coefficients	Interaction
CHE as a share of GDP		0.0531	−0.0479	−0.0510		0.0699*	−0.0823**	−0.0875**
		(0.0414)	(0.0438)	(0.0468)		(0.0357)	(0.0392)	(0.0424)
Regulatory quality [1; 6]		0.0124	−0.0180	−0.0103
		(0.0212)	(0.0455)	(0.0262)
Regulatory quality*CHE/GDP		−0.0102	0.00633	0.0146
		(0.0878)	(0.0398)	(0.0919)
Control of corruption [1; 6]						0.0404*	−0.0560	−0.0428
						(0.0243)	(0.0380)	(0.0292)
Control of corruption*CHE/GDP						−0.0678	0.0326	0.0894
						(0.0901)	(0.0342)	(0.0940)
ln(Unsafe water drinking)		0.0956***	0.382***	−0.279***		0.106***	0.439***	−0.320***
		(0.0130)	(0.0946)	(0.0692)		(0.0133)	(0.0739)	(0.0542)
ln(CO2 per capita)		0.149***	−0.0822***	−0.176***		0.142***	−0.0885***	−0.190***
		(0.0135)	(0.0158)	(0.0309)		(0.0133)	(0.0131)	(0.0240)
ln(Animal protein consum. pc)		−0.0602	−4.585**	−0.715**		0.0635	−5.610***	−0.875**
		(0.0959)	(2.295)	(0.360)		(0.103)	(2.176)	(0.343)
ln(Animal protein consum. pc)Sq		0.0480	2.053**	0.666*		−0.0869	2.565***	0.832**
		(0.109)	(1.042)	(0.340)		(0.117)	(0.994)	(0.326)
ln(Plant protein consum. pc)		−0.110	−49.75***	−0.978***		0.0162	−66.47***	−1.307***
		(0.105)	(13.97)	(0.350)		(0.105)	(14.71)	(0.410)
(ln(Plant protein consum. pc))Sq		0.0977	24.22***	0.944***		−0.0265	32.37***	1.262***
		(0.103)	(6.769)	(0.340)		(0.104)	(7.122)	(0.399)
ln(Carbohydrates consum. pc)		0.126	33.42	0.101		0.0937	63.43*	0.192
		(0.134)	(37.13)	(0.137)		(0.111)	(35.44)	(0.183)
(ln(Carbohydrates consum. pc))Sq		−0.126	−16.65	−0.103		−0.0929	−31.54*	−0.194
		(0.134)	(18.51)	(0.138)		(0.111)	(17.66)	(0.184)
ln(Fat consumption pc)		1.024***	−2.995	−0.168		0.646**	0.0523	0.00294
		(0.249)	(8.813)	(0.496)		(0.273)	(9.159)	(0.515)
(ln(Fat consumption pc))Sq		−1.014***	1.612	0.184		−0.628**	−0.0321	−0.00366
		(0.258)	(4.234)	(0.484)		(0.282)	(4.422)	(0.505)
ln(GDP per capita)		−0.0699***	1.616***	0.266***		−0.0739***	1.885***	0.311***
		(0.0139)	(0.151)	(0.0272)		(0.0135)	(0.169)	(0.0307)
Unemployment		0.00321**	−0.00822*	−0.00219*		0.00287**	−0.00643	−0.00171
		(0.00127)	(0.00442)	(0.00128)		(0.00119)	(0.00415)	(0.00117)
ln(Population density)		0.0660***	0.0422	0.00728		0.0629***	0.118	0.0203
		(0.00581)	(0.133)	(0.0229)		(0.00560)	(0.120)	(0.0208)
Urbanization		0.0118	−0.0281	−0.0251		0.0162*	−0.0312	−0.0279
		(0.00980)	(0.0262)	(0.0235)		(0.00899)	(0.0249)	(0.0223)
OECD group	4.272***				4.272***
	(0.00501)				(0.00501)
Non-OECD group	4.108***				4.108***
	(0.00593)				(0.00593)
Difference	0.164***				0.164***
	(0.00776)				(0.00776)
Endowments	0.297***				0.283***
	(0.0278)				(0.0352)
Coefficients	0.191*				0.221***
	(0.100)				(0.0674)
Interaction	−0.324***				−0.340***
	(0.104)				(0.0760)
Constant			11.00				3.237
			(16.96)				(15.78)
Observations	198	198	198	198	198	198	198	198

Notes: Standard errors in parentheses, ***<0.01; **P<0.05; *P<0.1.