Determinants of Home Delivery Among Women in Rural Pastoralist Community of Hamar District, Southern Ethiopia: A Case–Control Study

Figures & data

Table 1 Socio-Demographic Characteristics of the Study Participants, Hamar District, Southern Ethiopia

Variables		Cases	Controls	P-value
		n (%)	n (%)
Age of mother	15–19	14 (14.1)	27 (14.0)	0.2
	20–34	63 (63.6)	105 (54.4)
	> 34	22 (22.2)	61 (31.6)
Educational level	Illiterate	93 (93.9)	175 (90.7)	0.3
	Primary and above	6 (6.1)	18 (9.3)
Ethnicity	Hamar	76 (76.8)	141 (73.1)	0.3
	Arbore	16 (16.2)	28 (14.5)
	Kara	6 (6.1)	15 (7.8)
	Others*	1 (1.0)	9 (4.7)
Media exposure	Never	93 (93.6)	174 (90.2)	0.3
	Sometimes	6 (6.1)	19 (9.8)
Husbands’ educational level	Illiterate	82 (86.3)	153 (86.0)	0.9
	Primary and above	13 (13.7)	25 (14.0)
Wealth ranking	Poor	47 (24.4)	20 (20.2)	0.8
	Middle	90 (46.6)	53 (53.5)
	Rich	56 (29.0)	26 (26.3)

Note: *Oromo/Konso.

Table 2 Obstetric Characteristics of Women in Hamar District, Southern Ethiopia

Variables		Cases	Controls	P-value
		n (%)	n (%)
Parity	1	19 (19.2)	51 (26.4)	0.2
	2–4	65 (65.7)	104 (53.9)
	≥ 5	15 (15.2)	38 (19.7)
Visiting ANC during recent pregnancy	No	17 (8.8)	27 (27.3)	< 0.001
	Yes	176 (91.2)	72 (72.7)
Number of ANC visits	< 4	80 (80.8)	66 (34.2)	< 0.001
	≥ 4	19 (19.2)	127 (65.8)
Gestational age at first ANC visit	≤ 16	25 (34.7)	138 (78.4)	< 0.001
	16	47 (65.3)	38 (21.6)
Deciding on the place of delivery	Husband	62 (62.6)	44 (22.8)	< 0.001
	Self	18 (18.2)	38 (19.7)
	Joint	19 (19.2)	111 (57.5)
Place of birth preceding the most recent birth	Home	69 (86.2)	75 (52.8)	< 0.001
	Health facility	11(13.8)	67 (47.2)
Birth attendant preference	TBAs	66 (66.7)	36 (18.7)	< 0.001
	SBAs	33 (33.3)	157 (81.3)

Abbreviations: ANC, antenatal care; TBAs, traditional birth attendants; SBAs, skilled birth attendants.

Table 3 Knowledge, Attitude and Other Characteristics of Women in Hamar District, Southern Ethiopia

Variables		Cases	Controls	P-value
		n (%)	n (%)
Knowledge of danger signs of pregnancy	Poor	65 (65.7)	65 (33.7)	< 0.001
	Fair	24 (24.2)	34 (17.6)
	Good	10 (10.1)	94 (48.7)
Knowledge on complications of delivery	Poor	68 (68.7)	50 (25.9)	< 0.001
	Fair	21 (21.2)	73 (37.8)
	Good	10 (10.1)	70 (36.3)
Attitude*	Unfavorable	59 (59.6)	46 (23.8)	< 0.001
	Favorable	40 (40.4)	147 (76.2)
Ritual celebration	Yes	35 (35.4)	54 (28.0)	0.3
	No	64 (64.6)	139 (72.0)
Willingness to deliver by male attendant	No	40 (40.4)	22 (11.4)	< 0.001
	Yes	59 (59.6)	171 (88.6)
Time to reach health facility	< 130	90 (46.6)	53 (53.5)	< 0.001
	≥ 130	103 (53.4)	46 (46.5)
Participate in local WDA	Yes	36 (36.4)	154 (79.8)	< 0.001
	No	63 (63.6)	39 (20.2)

Note: *Maternal attitude towards institutional delivery.

Abbreviation: WDA, women development army.

Table 4 Logistic Regression Analysis of the Study Variables, Hamar District, Southern Ethiopia

Variables	Women's Status		COR (95% CI)	AOR (95% CI)
	Cases	Controls
Age (in years)
< 20	14	27	1.4 (0.6, 3.2)	21.0 (0. 9, 502.7)
20–34	63	105	1.7 (0.9, 3.0)	2. 6 (0.7, 8.9)
35 >	22	61	1.00	1.00
Husbands' education
Illiterate	86	149	2.0 (.9, 4.5)	2.9 (0.4, 19.1)
Primary and above	9	32	1.00	1.00
Number of ANC
< 4 visits	80	66	8.1 (4.5, 14.5)	2. 6 (0. 8, 7.9)
> 4 visits	19	127	1.00	1.00
Gestation at 1st ANC visit
< 16 weeks	25	138	1.00	1.00.
>16 weeks	47	38	6.8 (3.7, 12. 5)	4.6 (1.2, 17. 1)*
Decision the place of delivery
Husband	62	44		7.2 (2.1, 24.5)*
Self	18	38	2.7 (1.3, 5.8)	2.1 (0.4, 10.6)
Joint	19	111	1.00	1.00
Place of birth preceding the most recent birth
Home	69	75	5.6 (2.7, 11. 5)	2.3 (0. 8, 7.0)
Health institutions	11	67	1.00	1.00
Birth attendant preference
Traditional birth attendant	66	36	8.7 (5.0, 15.2)	3.9 (1.2, 12.5)*
Skilled birth attendant	33	157	1.00	1.00
Knowledge about danger signs of pregnancy
Poor	65	65	9. 5(4.5, 20.2)	6.5 (1.5, 29.0)*
Fair	24	34	2.0 (0.9, 4. 6)	3.7 (0.9, 15.7)
Good	10	94	1.00	1.00
Knowledge on complications of delivery
Poor	68	50	9.4 (4. 5, 19.6)	0.4 (0.1, 2.3)
Fair	21	73	6.6 (2.9, 15.3)	0.6 (0.1, 2.4)
Good	10	70	1.00	1.00
Attitude
Negative	59	46		4.4 (1.4, 14.1)*
Positive	40	147	1.00	1.00
Wants home ceremony during delivery
Yes	35	54	1.4 (0.8, 2.4)	0.7 (0.2, 2.4)
No	64	139	1.0	1.00
Willing to deliver by male SBA
Yes	59	171	1.00	1.00
No	40	22	5.3 (2.9, 9. 6)	0.7 (0.2, 3.6)
Member of WDA
No	63	39	6.9 (4.0, 11.9)	3.3 (1.0, 10.5)*
Yes	36	154	1.00	1.00

Note: *Statistically significant at P < 0.05.

Abbreviations: ANC, antinatal care; SBA, skilled birth attendant; COR, crude odds ratio; AOR, adjusted odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; WDA, women development army.