Exploring the Factors Affecting Bitter Melon Peptide Intake Behavior: A Health Belief Model Perspective

Figures & data

Table 1 Reliability and Validity of Constructs

Constructs	Reliability (Cronbach’s)		Validity
	Pre-Test	Test	Convergent	Discriminant
Susceptibility	0.973	0.964	0.896	0.857
Severity	0.974	0.969	0.921	0.882
Benefits	0.963	0.977	0.875	0.727
Barriers	0.807	0.908	0.760	0.789
Self-efficacy	0.944	0.946	0.805	0.887
Behavior	0.934	0.952	0.791	0.879

Table 2 Demographic Distribution of Samples

Variables	Categories	N	%
Gender	Female	149	51.03
	Male	143	48.97
Marital status	Single	71	24.31
	Married	221	75.68
Age	<39 years	84	28.77
	40–64 years	144	49.32
	>65 years	64	21.92
Education	Primary	100	34.25
	Junior	68	23.29
	High school	78	26.71
	Bachelor & above	29	9.93
Occupation	Proprietors	108	38.03
	Wage-earners	61	21.48
	Retired/Jobless	115	40.49
Income	<$667	115	39.38
	$667–1,000	63	21.58
	$1,001–1,333	43	14.73
	>$1,3333	44	15.07
Area	Yunlin	195	66.78
	Nantou	88	30.14
	Unspecified	7	2.4

Table 3 Mean Scores, t-Test, and One-Way ANOVA of Variables

Constructs	Min.	Max.	Mean	s. d.	Gender^a	Age^b	Education^c	Job^d	Income^e
Susceptibility	1.00	5.00	4.03	0.93	*	***	**	*	*
Severity	1.00	5.00	4.17	0.92	n.s.	***	**	**	**
Benefits	2.00	5.00	3.85	0.81	n.s.	n.s.	*	n.s.	***
Barriers	1.00	5.00	2.97	1.04	n.s.	n.s.	n.s.	n.s.	n.s.
Self-efficacy	1.00	5.00	3.83	0.90	n.s.	n.s.	n.s.	***	**
BMP behavior	1.00	5.00	3.85	0.96	n.s.	n.s.	n.s.	***	**

Notes: *p<0.05, **p<0.01, ***p<0.001; ^aTable a1 in supplementary; ^ba2; ^ca3; ^da4; ^ea5.

Abbreviation: n.s., non-significant.

Table 4 Health Beliefs, Self-Efficacy, and BMP Intake Behavior

Var.	M1	SE	Standardized	t	p	M2	SE	Standardized	t	p
	Non-Standardized					Non-Standardized
	B Est.		β			B Est.		β
(Constant)	0.747	0.285		2.620	0.009	0.485	0.255		1.905	0.058
Susceptibility	0.360	0.080	0.348	4.521	0.000	0.319	0.071	0.308	4.500	0.000
Severity	0.028	0.078	0.027	0.359	0.720	−0.031	0.070	−0.030	−.444	0.657
Benefit	0.422	0.061	0.357	6.885	0.000	0.127	0.064	0.107	1.985	0.048
Barrier	−0.029	0.043	−0.031	−0.673	0.502	−0.070	0.038	−0.076	−1.814	0.071
Self-efficacy	-	-	-	-	-	0.504	0.057	0.474	8.834	0.000
R	0.617					0.716
R^2	0.380					0.513
Adj. R^2	0.342					0.505

Figure 1 DM patient’s mcIRBP-19 BMP intake behavior model. *denotes a significant level at p<0.05.