Risk Perception Towards COVID-19 and Its Associated Factors Among Waiters in Selected Towns of Southwest Ethiopia

Figures & data

Table 1 Sociodemographic Characteristics of Study Participants, Southwest Ethiopia, 2020

Variables	Categories	Frequency	Percent
Age group	18–25	218	52.4
	26–35	142	34.1
	>35	56	13.5
Sex	Male	191	45.9
	Female	225	54.1
Marital status	Single	350	84.1
	Married	24	5.8
	Divorced/ Widowed	42	10.1
Religion	Orthodox	283	68.0
	Muslim	61	14.7
	Protestant	72	17.3
Educational status	No education	79	19.0
	Primary	183	44.0
	Secondary/ Above	154	37.0
Ethnic	Kafa	165	39.7
	Amhara	110	26.4
	Gurage	36	8.7
	Bench	34	8.2
	Tigre	18	4.3
	Oromo	18	4.3
	Sheko	10	2.4
	Meinit	9	2.2
	Others	9	2.2
How many people live in your house?	Live alone	86	20.7
	Live with one or more persons	330	79.3

Table 2 Knowledge of COVID-19 Among Waiters Working Food and Drinking Establishments Southwest Ethiopia, 2020. (n=416)

Questions	Response	Frequency	Percent
Have you heard about the new coronavirus/ corona/COVID-19 disease?	Yes	416	100
What causes corona disease?	Correct	351	84.4
	Incorrect	65	15.6
Can COVID-19 have transmitted through the following routes?
Droplets from infected people	Yes	250	60.1
	No	136	32.7
	I don’t know	30	7.2
Airborne	Yes	191	45.9
	No	206	49.5
	I don’t know	19	4.6
Direct contact with infected people	Yes	328	78.8
	No	78	18.8
	I don’t know	10	2.4
Touching contaminated objects/surfaces	Yes	252	60.6
	No	126	30.3
	I don’t know	38	9.1
Contact with contaminated animals	Yes	304	73.1
	No	99	23.8
	I don’t know	13	3.1
Mosquito bites	Yes	5	1.2
	No	395	95.0
	I don’t know	16	3.8
Are the following being symptoms of coronavirus?
Fever	Yes	346	83.2
	No	25	6.0
	I don’t know	45	10.8
Cough	Yes	361	86.8
	No	55	13.2
Shortness of breath/breathing difficulties	Yes	200	48.1
	No	125	30.
	I don’t know	91	21.9
Are the following measures/methods used prevent COVID 19?
Wash your hands regularly using alcohol or soap and water	Yes	344	82.7
	No	93	9.4
	I don’t know	33	7.9
Avoid close contact with anyone who has a fever and cough	Yes	314	75.5
	No	99	23.8
	I don’t know	3	0.7
Avoid unprotected direct contact with live animals and surfaces	Yes	156	37.5
	No	250	60.1
	I don’t know	10	2.4
Sleep under the mosquito net	Yes	4	1.0
	No	397	95.4
	I don’t know	15	3.6
Currently is no treatment or vaccine for the COVID 19.	Yes	299	71.9
	No	104	25.0
	I don’t know	13	3.1

Figure 1 Level concern about seriousness COVID-19 in comparison with different diseases, 2020. (n=416).

Table 3 Risk Perception Toward COVID-19 Diseases Among Waiters in Southwest Ethiopia 2020 (n=416)

Statements	Strongly Disagree	Disagree	Neutral	Agree	Strongly Agree	Mean and SD of the Sum Score
	N (%)	N (%)	N (%)	N (%)	N (%)
Getting sick with the coronavirus can be serious	26(6.3)	33(7.9)	188(45.2)	34(8.2)	135(32.5)	40.70 (SD=6.65)
My health will be severely damaged if I contract coronavirus	96(23.1)	33(7.9)	20 (4.8)	194(46.6)	73(17.5)
It is not possible to recover from coronavirus disease	69(16.6)	156(37.5)	11(2.6)	143(34.4)	37(8.9)
Coronavirus causes deaths more than other respiratory diseases	105(25.2)	26(6.3)	0(0.0)	222(53.4)	63(15.1)
If I caught with coronavirus, I cannot manage my daily activities	18(4.3)	50(12.0)	8(1.9)	287(69.0)	53(12.7)
People may stigmatize me if get sick due to coronavirus	32(7.7)	30(7.2)	17(4.1)	277(66.6)	60(14.4)
I think that I will contract coronavirus if you do not take any preventive measure	30(7.2)	42(10.1)	6(1.4)	301(72.4)	37(8.9)
I think that I will contract coronavirus if you take preventive measure	26(6.3)	172(41.3)	37(8.9)	132(31.7)	49(11.8)
I think that I will contract coronavirus if I come into contact with a coronavirus patient.	18(4.3)	56(13.5)	15(3.6)	264(63.5)	63(15.1)
I think that I will contract coronavirus even if I do not come into contact with a coronavirus patient.	18(4.3)	115(27.6)	26(6.3)	217(52.2)	40(9.6)
The coronavirus will NOT affect very many people in the area I am currently living	36(8.7)	214(51.4)	21(5.0)	107(25.7)	38(9.1)
My work exposes me more to coronavirus than another person	15(3.6)	54(13.0)	12(2.9)	229(55.0)	106(25.5)

Table 4 Practice COVID-19 Prevention Methods Among Waiters in Southwest Ethiopia, 2020 (n=416)

Questions	None	Rarely	Sometimes	Frequently	Always
	N (%)	N (%)	N (%)	N (%)	N (%)
How often are you maintain physical distance?	22(5.3)	39(9.4)	112(26.9)	151(36.3)	92(22.1)
How often are you avoiding larger gatherings?	57(13.7)	58(13.9)	94(22.6)	110(26.4)	97(23.3)
How often are you avoiding touching your face, eyes, mouth, and nose?	73(17.5)	78(18.8)	122(29.3)	68(16.3)	75(18)
How often are you washing your hands with water and soap or sanitizers?	111(26.7)	45(10.8)	78(18.8)	102(24.5)	80(19.2)
How often are you avoiding contact with people who had fever and cough?	110(26.4)	38(9.1)	60(14.4)	110(26.4)	98(23.6)
How often are you wearing facemask when you are at work or outside the home	161(38.7)	74(17.8)	108(26.0)	48(11.5)	25(6.0)
How often are you avoiding using public transportation?	118(28.4)	67(16.1)	124(29.8)	46(11.1)	61(14.7)
How often are you avoiding unprotected contacting (touching) of frequently contacted surfaces	68(16.3)	65(15.6)	126(30.3)	99(23.8)	58(13.9)
How often are you staying home to prevent COVID-19 infection?	178(42.8)	57(13.7)	74(17.8)	42(10.1)	65(15.6)
How often are you using glove at work?	189(45.4)	72(17.3)	110(26.4)	28(6.7)	17(4.1)

Table 5 Self-Efficacy to Practice COVID-19 Prevention Methods Among Waiters in Southwest Ethiopia, 2020 (n=416)

Questions	Certainly Not	Probably Not	Perhaps Not – Perhaps	Probably Yes	Most Certainly
	N (%)	N (%)	N (%)	N (%)	N (%)
Do you think that you manage to handwash with water and soap or sanitizer frequently?	26(6.3)	62(14.9)	24(5.8)	217(52.2)	87(20.9)
Do you think that you manage to stay at home?	34(8.2)	183(44.0)	22(5.3)	101(24.3)	76(18.3)
Do you think that you manage to maintain distancing anywhere?	11(2.6)	124(29.8)	36(8.7)	153(35.8)	92(22.1)
Do you think that you manage to use face mask always outside the home /at work?	25(6.0)	133(32.0)	39(9.4)	143(34.4)	76(18.3)

Table 6 Factors Associated with Risk Perception Towards COVID-19 Disease Among Waiter in Southwest Ethiopia, 2020

Variables	Simple Linear Regression		Multiple Linear Regression
	β (95 % CI)	P value	β (95 % CI)	P value
Age	0.16 (0.09,0.24)	<0.001	0.10 (0.02,0.18)	0.012
Sex
Male	Ref
Female	0.15 (–1.14,1.45)	0.824
Marital status
Single	Ref
Widowed	0.17 (–2.30,1.96)	0.874
Married	–0.35 (–3.10,2.41)	0.805
Religion
Orthodox	Ref
Muslim	0.06 (–1.75,1.88)	0.947
Protestant	–0.46 (–2.16,1.23)	0.592
Educational status
Secondary or above	Ref		Ref
Primary	0.78 (–0.52,2.07)	0.238	1.32 (–0.06, 2.69)	0.060
No formal education	–0.99 (–2.63,0.64)	0.234	0.52 (–1.23, 2.26)	0.557
People live with respondent
Live alone	Ref		Ref
Live with one or more persons	1.29 (–0.28,2.88)	0.108	1.38 (–0.13, 2.88)	0.073
Knowledge of COVID-19 (sum score)	0.55 (0.29,0.82)	<0.001	0.50 (0.23, 0.76)	<0.001
Preventive behaviors (sum score)	0.75 (0.47,1.02)	<0.001	0.62 (0.33, 0.90)	<0.001
Self-efficacy (sum score)	0.28 (0.11,0.45)	0.001	0.12 (–0.06, 0.28)	0.216
Model intercept			26.12 (21.45,30.79)	<0.001