Occupational Health Conditions and Associated Factors Among Municipal Solid Waste Collectors in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

Figures & data

Table 1 Variables of the Study, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 2019

Category of Variables	Variables
Occupational health conditions	Respiratory symptoms, skin symptoms, musculoskeletal symptoms
Socio-demographic factors	Age, sex, educational status, family size, income, years of experience
Behavioral factors	Smoking status, drinking of alcohol, khat chewing, dressing, personal hygiene
Past medical history	Injuries, asthma, skin symptoms
Occupational and environmental factors	Duration of working hours, type of road, type of machineries/trolley
Institutional factors	Provision of PPE, training and education, periodical medical checkup, onsite supervision, accessibility of water and soap

Table 2 Socio-Demographic Characteristics of Municipal Solid Waste Collectors in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 2019 (n=576)

Characteristics	Frequency (n)	Percent (%)
Gender  Male  Female	364 212	63.2 36.8
Age (years)  19–29  30-39  40–49  ≥50	206 277 78 15	35.8 48.1 13.5 2.6
Education level  Illiterate  Grade 1–6  Grade 7–12  Above grade12	82 265 200 29	14.2 46.0 34.7 5.0
Religion  Orthodox  Muslims  Protestant  Catholic	344 121 98 13	79.7 21.0 17.0 2.3
Marital status  Single  Married  Divorced  Widowed	154 326 79 17	26.7 56.6 13.7 3.0
Family size of the house hold  ≤4  5–6  >6	426 134 16	74.0 23.3 2.8
Employment condition  Permanent  Temporary/Contract	378 198	65.6 34.4
Additional income  Yes  No	114 462	19.8 80.2
Work experience  ≤5 years  >5 years	328 248	56.9 43.1

Table 3 Institutional Factors of Municipal Solid Waste Collectors in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 2019 (n=576)

Factors	Frequency (n)	Percent (%)
Source of PPE  Union  By self  Other	115 421 40	20.0 73.1 6.7
Kinds of PPE used  Glove  Full body suit  Mask  Eye goggle  Other	307 156 98 10 5	53.3 27.1 17.0 1.7 0.8
Occupational safety training  Yes  No	109  467	18.9  81.1
Periodical Medical checkup  Yes  No	158  418	27.5  72.5
Types of medical checkup  Respiratory  Skin  Whole body  Eye	66 56 19 17	41.8 35.44 12.0 10.76

Table 4 Behavioral Factors of Municipal Solid Waste Collectors in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 2019 (n=576)

Variables	Frequency(n)	Percent (%)
PPE usage status  Always  Sometimes  Never used	62 375 139	10.8 65.1 24.1
Drinking alcohol  Yes  No	199 377	34.5 65.5
Time of starting alcohol  Before  After	82  117	41.2  58.8
Khat chewing  Yes  No	173 403	30.0 70.0
Time of starting khat  Before  After	53 120	30.6 69.4
Cigarette smoking  Yes  No	94 482	16.3 83.7
Time of starting smoking Before After	37 57	39.4 59.6
Keeping personal hygiene after work Yes No	151 425	26.2 73.8

Table 5 Past Medical History of Municipal Solid Waste Collectors in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 2019 (n=126)

Past Medical History	Frequency (n)	Percent (%)
Skin  Yes  No	45 531	7.8 92.2
Asthma  Yes  No	39 537	6.8 93.2
Injuries  Yes  No	42 534	7.3 92.7

Table 6 Occupational and Environmental Factors of Municipal Solid Waste Collectors in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 2019 (n=576)

Factors	Frequency (n)	Percent (%)
Type of road  Rough  Gorge and slippery  Smooth	319 142 115	55.3 24.7 20.0
Working hours per day  ≤8 hours  >8 hours	380 196	66.0 34.0
Type of trolley or pushcart  Easily movable  Not easily movable	351 225	60.9 39.1

Table 7 Univariate and Multivariable Analysis for Factors Associated with Occupational Health Symptoms Among Municipal Solid Waste Collectors in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 2019 (n=576)

Variables	Occupational Health Symptoms		COR (95%)	AOR (95% CI)	P-value
	Yes	No
Education  Illiterate  Grades 1–6  Grades 7–12  Above grade 12	48  153  84  10	34  112  116  19	1.95 (1.16–3.28)  1.89 (1.30–2.74)  1.00  0.73 (0.32–1.64)	1.25 (0.71–2.22)  1.37 (0.91–2.07)  1.00  0.72 (0.30–1.73)	0.45  0.46  0.46
Family size of the house hold  ≤4  5–6  >6	198 86 11	228 48 5	1.00 2.06 (1.38–3.08) 2.53 (0.87–7.42)	1.00 1.76 (1.15–2.71) 1.45 (0.46–4.55)	0.01* 0.52
Types of PPE used  Glove  Mask  Eye goggle  Full body suit	81 98 32 63	81 98 32 93	1.76 (1.19–2.60) 2.05 (1.23–3.43) 1.48 (0.41–5.31) 1.00	1.44 (0.95–2.19) 2.31 (1.32–4.04) 1.86 (0.47–7.39) 1.00	0.08 0.01* 0.38
Work experience  ≤5 years  >5 years	140 155	188 93	1.00 2.24 (1.59–3.14)	1.00 1.68 (1.01–2.18)	0.04*
Keeping personal hygiene  No  Yes	68 227	198 83	1.39 (0.96–2.03) 1.00	1.27 (0.85–1.89) 1.00	0.25
Working hours per day  ≤8  >8	169 126	211 70	1.00 2.25 (1.58–3.21)	1.00 1.81 (1.22–2.68)	0.01*
Types of road  Rough  Gorge and slippery  Smooth	169 83 43	150 59 72	1.89 (1.22–2.92) 2.36 (1.42–3.89) 1.00	1.40 (0.85–2.31) 1.91 (1.08–3.38) 1.00	0.19 0.25

Note: *indicates statistically significant at 5% level of significance.