Community Risk Perception and Compliance with Preventive Measures for COVID-19 Pandemic in Ethiopia

Figures & data

Table 1 Background Characteristics of Respondents (n=521)

Background Characteristics	Responses: n (%)
Sex
Male	461(88.5)
Female	60(11.5)
Marital status
Married	365(70.1)
Single	151(29)
Divorced	5(1)
Religion
Orthodox	428(82.1)
Muslim	28(5.4)
Protestant	53(10.2)
Catholic	4(0.8)
Others	8(1.5)
Residence
Regional cities	271(52)
Zonal towns	121(23.2)
District towns	30(5.8)
Addis Ababa	88(16.9)
Rural settings	11(2.1)
Educational level
High school completed	15(2.8)
BA/BSC degree	115(22.1)
Master’s degree	288(55.3)
PhD	103(19.8)
Income
≤ 5,000 ETB	51(9.8)
5,001–10,000 ETB	127(24.4)
>10,000 ETB	343(65.8)
Occupation
Government employees	366(70.2)
Private company employees	57(10.9)
NGO employee	64(12.3)
Others (students, unemployed, run own business)	34(6.5)
Age
18–29	131(25.1)
30–39	270)51.8)
40–49	87(16.7)
≥ 50 years	33(6.3)
Family size
1 −2	98(18.1)
3–4	212(40.7)
≥ 5	211(40.5)

Table 2 Background Characteristics and Perceived Susceptibility to COVID 19 (n=521)

Background Characteristics	Perceived Susceptibility			χ^2	p-value
	Not Susceptible n (%)	Susceptible n (%)	Do Not Know n (%)
Sex				0.144
Male	18(3.9)	417(90.5)	26(5.6)		0.931
Female	2(3.3)	54(90)	4(6.7)
Marital status				26.425***
Married	10(2.70	345(94.5)	10(2.7)		0.000
Single	10(6.8)	122(80.8)	19(12.6)
Divorced	–	4(80)	1(20)
Religion				10.666
Orthodox	15(3.5)	388(90.7)	25(5.8)		0.221
Muslim	1(3.6)	25(89.3)	2(7.1)
Protestant	2(3.8)	48(90.6)	3(5.7)
Catholic	–	4(100)	–
Others	2(25)	6(75)	–
Residence				17.682*
Regional cities	8(3)	247(91.1)	16(5.9)		0.024
Zonal towns	5(4.1)	111(91.7)	5(4.1)
District towns	5(16.7)	23(76.7)	2(6.7)
Addis Ababa	1(1.1)	81(92)	6(6.8)
Rural settings	1(9.1)	9(81.8)	1(9.1)
Educational level				17.773*
High school completed	1(6.7)	13(86.7)	1(6.7)		0.007
BA/BSC degree	5(4.3)	95(82.6)	15(13)
Master’s degree	8(2.8)	271(94.1)	9(3.1)
PhD	6(5.8)	92(89.3)	5(4.9)
Income				27.246***
≤5,000 ETB	2(3.9)	38(74.5)	11(21.6)		0.000
5,001–10,000 ETB	6(4.7)	114(89.8)	7(5.5)
>10,000 ETB	12(3.5)	319(93)	12(3.5)
Occupation				27.463***
Government employees	11(3)	339(92.6)	16(4.4)		0.000
Private company employees	4(7)	48(84.2)	5(8.8)
NGO employee	4(6.3)	59(92.2)	1(1.6)
Others	1(2.9)	25(73.5)	8(23.5)
Age				15.461*
18–29 years	6(4.6)	109(83.2)	16(12.2)		0.017
30–39 years	11(4.1)	249(92.2)	10(3.7)
40–49 years	2(2.3)	81(93.1)	4(4.6)
50 years and above	1(3.0)	32(97)	–
Family size*				12.053*
1–2 family size	6(6.1)	82(83.7)	10(10.2)		0.017
3–4 family size	5(2.4)	202)95.3)	5(2.4)
≥ 5 family size	9(4.3)	187(88.6)	15(7.1)
Total	20(3.8)	471(90.4)	30(5.8)

Note: *P<0.05, ***p<0.001

Table 3 Background Characteristics and Perceived Seriousness of COVID 19

Background Characteristics	Perceived Seriousness			χ^2	p-value
	Not Serious n (%)	Serious n (%)	Do Not Know n (%)
Sex				3.701
Male	34(7.4)	389(86.6)	28(6.1)		0.157
Female	1(1.7)	57(95)	2(3.3)
Marital status				1.084
Married	24(6.6)	321(87.9)	20(5.5)		0.897
Single	11(7.3)	130(86.1)	10(6.6)
Divorced	–	5(100)	–
Religion				14.182
Orthodox	26(6.1)	382(89.3)	20(4.7)		0.077
Muslim	4(14.3)	21(75)	3(10.7)
Protestant	3(5.7)	44(83)	4(11.3)
Catholic	–	4(100)	–
Others	2(25)	5(62.5)	1(12.5)
Residence				10.795
Regional cities	13(4.8)	243(89.7)	15(5.5)		0.214
Zonal towns	8(6.6)	103(85.1)	10(8.3)
District towns	5(16.7)	25(83.3)	–
Addis Ababa	8(9.1)	75(85.2)	5(5.7)
Rural settings	1(9.1)	10(90.9)	–
Educational level				4.415	0.621
High school completed	2(13.3)	12(80)	1(6.7)
BA/BSC degree	9(7.8)	103(89.6)	3(2.6)
Master’s degree	18(6.3)	252(87.5)	18(6.3)
PhD	6(5.8)	89(86.4)	8(7.8)
Income				6.869	0.143
≤5,000 ETB	4(7.8)	45(88.2)	2(3.9)
5,001–10,000 ETB	14(11)	108(85)	5(3.9)
>10,000 ETB	17(5)	303(88.3)	23(6.7)
Occupation				5.496	0.482
Government employees	27(7.4)	316(86.3)	23(6.3)
Private company employees	1(1.8)	53(93)	3(5.3)
NGO employee	3(4.7)	59(92.2)	2(3.1)
Others	4(11.8)	28(82.4)	2(5.9)
Age				1.226	0.976
18–29 years	10(7.6)	113(86.3)	8(6.1)
30–39 years	19(7)	237(87.8)	14(5.2)
40–49 years	4(4.6)	77(88.5)	6(6.9)
50 years and above	2(6.1)	29(87.9)	2(6.1)
Family size*				2.652	0.618
1–2 family size	8(8.2)	85(86.7)	5(5.1)
3–4 family size	14(6.6)	189(89.2)	9(4.2)
≥ 5 family size	13(6.2)	182(86.3)	16(7.6)
Total	35(6.7)	456(87.5)	30(5.8)

Figure 1 Percentage distribution of respondents by their source of information about COVID-19.

Figure 2 Distribution of respondents by types of prevention measures exercised.

Table 4 Result of Multiple Linear Regression on Factors Associated with Compliance Behavior

Coefficients
		Unstandardized Coefficients		Standardized Coefficients	t	Sig.
		B	Std. Error	Beta
(Constant)		6.666	3.204		2.081	0.038
Sex (female vs male)		2.165	0.853	0.094	2.540	0.011
Number of families		0.096	0.158	0.023	0.606	0.545
Age		−.088	0.045	−.096	−1.970	0.049
Perceived seriousness		0.168	0.140	0.044	1.197	0.232
Perceived susceptibility		0.197	0.133	0.055	1.482	0.139
Media exposure		0.241	0.055	0.189	4.409	0.000
Perceived effectiveness of prevention methods		0.382	0.044	0.367	8.770	0.000
MSc/MA vs PhD		−1.349	0.735	−.091	−1.835	0.067
BSc/BA vs PhD		−2.972	0.989	−.168	−3.004	0.003
High school vs PhD		3.004	1.678	0.068	1.790	0.074
Zonal vs regional city		−2.504	0.665	−.144	−3.766	0.000
District vs regional city		−3.390	1.194	−.107	−2.838	0.005
Capital city vs regional		0.568	0.762	0.029	0.746	0.456
Rural vs regional city		−5.149	1.917	−.101	−2.686	0.007
ONGO vs Govt employee		−.132	0.854	−.006	−.155	0.877
Private vs Govt employee		−.644	0.881	−.027	−.732	0.465
Single vs married		−2.059	0.718	−.127	−2.867	0.004

Notes: Model summary: No of observations = 521, R² = 364, ∆R² = 341, F = 15.944, p < 000