The Effect of Eye Exercises of Acupoints on Myopia Progression: A 3-Year Cohort Report from the Beijing Myopia Progression Study

Figures & data

Table 1 The Refractive Change and Associations Between Refractive Change and Each Item of the Eye Exercises of Acupoints Questionnaire at Baseline

	Number	Three-Year Refractive Change	Univariate β Coefficient (p value)	Multivariate β Coefficient (p value) ^b
Times per day (in school)
< 2	39	−1.72 ± 1.10
≥ 2	187	−1.40 ± 0.98	0.33 (0.07)	0.32 (0.04)
Seriously done times per week
None	22	−1.26 ± 1.11
< 3	44	−1.41 ± 1.02
≥ 5	160	−1.47 ± 0.99	−0.09 (0.39)	−0.02 (0.83)
Eye exercises were taught by
Atlas/Classmate	35	−1.13 ± 0.88
Teacher/Doctor/healthy counselor	191	−1.50 ± 1.02	−0.36 (0.057)	−0.12 (0.47)
Speed
Faster/Slower than the broadcast/At will	37	−1.63 ± 0.99
Following the broadcast	189	−1.43 ± 1.02	0.20 (0.28)	0.12 (0.46)
Acquaintance of the acupoints
No/Moderate	133	−1.34 ± 1.06
Yes	93	−1.65 ± 0.91^a	−0.31 (0.03)	−0.20 (0.09)
Perform additional eye exercises (outside school)
No	151	−1.47 ± 1.04
Yes	75	−1.45 ± 0.96	0.03 (0.86)	−0.06 (0.64)

Notes: ^aSignificantly different (p<0.05); multivariate β coefficients (p value). ^bAdjusted for children’s age, gender, baseline cycloplegic spherical equivalent (SE), and average parental SE. Refractive change in diopters (D).

Table 2 The Convergence Insufficiency Symptom Survey (CISS) Scores at Baseline and Their Associations with Refractive Change as a Function of Each Item of Eye Exercises of Acupoints Questionnaire at Baseline

	N	CISS Score	Univariate β Coefficient (p value)	Multivariate β Coefficient (p value)^c
Total	226	12.7 ± 7.7	0.04 (<0.001)	0.01 (0.18)
Times per day (in school)
< 2	39	12.1 ± 6.1	0.06 (0.049)	0.02 (0.37)
≥ 2	187	12.7 ± 7.7	0.04 (<0.001)	0.01 (0.18)
Seriously done per week
None	22	12.5 ± 6.9	0.05 (0.18)	0.01 (0.77)
< 3	44	14.5 ± 7.3	0.04 (0.06)	0.01 (0.58)
≥ 5	160	12.1 ± 7.5	0.04 (<0.001)	0.01 (0.29)
Eye exercises were taught by
Atlas/Classmate	35	12.6 ± 7.2	0.05 (0.01)	0.00 (0.97)
Teacher/Doctor/healthy counselor	191	12.6 ± 7.5	0.04 (<0.001)	0.01 (0.22)
Speed
Faster/Slower than the broadcast/At will	37	15.2 ± 7.3	0.03 (0.26)	0.02 (0.50)
Following the broadcast	189	12.2 ± 7.6*^a	0.04 (<0.001)	0.01 (0.23)
Acquaintance of the acupoints
No/Moderate	133	13.8 ± 7.7	0.03 (0.005)	0.00 (0.83)
Yes	93	10.9 ± 7.3^b	0.04 (0.001)	0.02 (0.10)
Perform additional eye exercises (outside school)
No	151	12.4 ± 7.2	0.04 (0.002)	0.01 (0.24)
Yes	75	13.2 ± 8.7	0.04 (<0.001)	0.01 (0.25)

Notes: ^aSignificantly different (p<0.05). ^bSignificantly different (p<0.01); multivariate β coefficients (p value). ^cAdjusted for children’s age, gender, baseline cycloplegic spherical equivalent (SE), and average parental SE.

Table 3 Relative Risk (RR) and 95% Confidence Interval (CI) for Students with Newly-Developed Myopia in Urban Students in Beijing

	Univariate		Multivariate^a
	RR	95% CI	RR	95% CI
Times per day (in school)
< 2	Ref		Ref
≥ 2	0.56	0.35, 0.91	0.80	0.53, 1.22
Seriously done per week
None	Ref		Ref
< 3	1.13	0.20, 6.29	2.04	0.99, 4.20
≥ 5	1.42	0.28, 7.21	1.52	0.84, 2.74
Eye exercises were taught by
Atlas/Classmate	Ref		Ref
Teacher/Doctor/healthy counselor	0.98	0.52, 1.88	0.73	0.41, 1.31
Speed
Faster/Slower than the broadcast/At will	Ref		Ref
Following the broadcast	1.18	0.53, 2.62	1.23	0.58, 2.59
Acquaintance of the acupoints
No/Moderate	Ref		Ref
Yes	1.09	0.68, 1.75	1.13	0.74, 1.73
Perform additional eye exercises (outside school)
No	Ref		Ref
Yes	1.29	0.77, 2.15	1.18	0.82, 1.69
CISS score	0.97	0.94, 1.01	0.99	0.97, 1.02

Note: ^aAdjusted for children’s age, gender, baseline cycloplegic spherical equivalent (SE), and average parental SE.

Abbreviation: Ref, reference group.