Impact of COVID-19 on Anxiety, Stress, and Coping Styles in Nurses in Emergency Departments and Fever Clinics: A Cross-Sectional Survey

Figures & data

Table 1 Demographic Characteristics, Socio-Psychological and Working Condition Variables (n = 453)

Variables	Variable Categories	N (%)
Sex	Female	437 (96.47%)
	Male	16 (3.53%)
Designation	Primary nurse	9 (20.53%)
	Nurse practitioner	217 (47.90%)
	Nurse-in-charge	118 (26.05%)
	Co-chief superintendent nurse and above	25 (5.52%)
Education level	College degree	116 (25.61%)
	Bachelor’s degree	333 (73.51%)
	Master’s degree or above	4 (0.88%)
Marital status	Married	312 (68.87%)
	Unmarried	141 (31.13%)
Having children	Yes	290 (64.02%)
	No	163 (35.98%)
The level of the hospital where you work	Grade II Class B hospital and below	39 (8.61%)
	Grade II Class A hospital	63(13.91%)
	Grade III Class B hospital	197 (43.49%)
	Grade III Class A hospital	154 (34.00%)
Rest time each week in the past month	Less than 1 day per week	17 (3.75%)
	One day per week	111 (24.50%)
	Two days per week	257 (56.73%)
	More than two days per week	68 (15.01%)
Number of night shifts in a week	Zero	147 (32.45%)
	One night shift a week	87 (19.21%)
	Two night shifts a week	109 (24.06%)
	Three or more night shifts a week	110 (24.28%)
Contact with a confirmed patient	Yes	65 (14.35%)
	No	388 (85.65%)
Regretting being a nurse	Yes	20 (4.42%)
	No	433 (95.58%)
Professional attitude	Negative	3 (0.66%)
	General	19 (4.19%)
	Positive	97 (21.41%)
	Strongly positive	334 (73.73%)
Confidence in fighting transmission	Lack of confidence	1 (0.22%)
	General confident	26 (5.74%)
	Quite confident	426 (94.04%)
Signed up to go to Hubei Province for support	Yes	385 (84.99%)
	No	68 (15.01%)
Having attended infection prevention training	Yes	328 (72.41%)
	No	125 (27.59%)
Family support	Yes	435 (96.03%)
	No	18 (3.97%)
Hospital for confirmed patient	Yes	181 (39.96%)
	No	272 (60.04%)
Fear of infecting family members	Yes	361 (79.69%)
	No	92 (20.31%)

Table 2 Descriptive Statistics of the Anxiety, Stress, and Coping Style (n = 453)

Variables	N (%)	Mean	SD
Self-rating anxiety scale		49.01	5.46
None (< 50 points)	281 (62.03%)
Mild anxiety (50 to 59 points)	154 (34.00%)
Moderate anxiety (60 to 69 points)	16 (3.53%)
Severe anxiety (>69 points)	2 (0.44%)
Perceived stress scale		21.09	7.76
Normal (≤ 25 points)	307 (67.77%)
Stress (>25 points)	146 (32.23%)
Simplified Coping Style Questionnaire
Coping tendency > 0	229 (50.55%)
Coping tendency < 0	224 (49.45%)
Positive coping dimension		1.97	0.57
Negative coping dimension		1.13	0.48

Table 3 Multiple Linear Regression Analysis Model Showing Independently-Associated Variables with Anxiety Among EDFC Nurses (n = 453)

Socio-Psychological and Working Condition Variables with Anxiety	Unstandardized Coefficient (β)		Standardized Coefficient (β)	95% CI for β	P-value
	β	Standard Error	Beta
Constant	56.722	3.015		50.797 to 62.647	<0.001
Fear of infecting family members	3.567	0.582	0.263	2.424 to 4.710	<0.001
Regretting being a nurse	5.724	1.147	0.216	3.469 to 7.978	<0.001
Confidence in fighting transmission	−3.205	0.944	−0.147	−5.061 to −1.349	0.001
Having children	1.092	0.497	0.096	0.116 to 2.068	0.028
Sex	−3.132	1.279	−0.106	−5.646 to −0.619	0.015
Rest time each week in the past month	−0.697	0.325	−0.092	−1.335 to −0.059	0.032

Table 4 Multiple Linear Regression Analysis Model Showing Independently-Associated Variables with Perceived Stress Among EDFC Nurses (n = 453)

Socio-Psychological and Working Condition Variables with Perceived Stress	Unstandardized Coefficient (β)		Standardized Coefficient (β)	95% CI for β	P-value
	β	Standard Error	Beta
Constant	17.627	1.004		15.653 to 19.601	<0.001
Fear of infecting family members	4.598	0.852	0.239	2.924 to 6.273	<0.001
Regretting being a nurse	7.489	1.667	0.199	4.213 to 10.766	<0.001
Having attended infection prevention training	−2.119	0.762	−0.122	−3.616 to −0.622	0.006
Number of night shift in a week	0.720	0.292	0.109	0.147 to 1.294	0.014

Table 5 Multiple Linear Regression Analysis Model Showing Independently-Associated Variables with Stress Coping Tendency Among EDFC Nurses (n = 453)

Socio-Psychological and Working Condition Variables with Stress Coping Tendency (>0)	Unstandardized Coefficient (β)		Standardized Coefficient (β)	95% CI for β	P-value
	β	Standard Error	Beta
Constant	−0.710	0.321		−1.340 to −0.080	0.027
Fear of infecting family members.	−0.567	0.135	−0.188	−0.832 to −0.302	<0.001
Regretting being a nurse	−0.919	0.275	−0.155	−1.460 to −0.379	0.001
Professional attitude	0.262	0.099	0.125	0.068 to 0.456	0.008
Having attended infection prevention training	0.294	0.121	0.108	0.057 to 0.531	0.015
Signed up to go to Hubei Province for support	0.337	0.154	0.099	0.034 to 0.640	0.029