Anxiety and Adaptation of Behavior in Pregnant Zhuang Women During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Mixed-Mode Survey

Figures & data

Figure 1 The flow diagram of data sampling.

Table 1 Participants’ Demographic and Obstetric Characteristics, Adaptations in Behavior, and Differences in the Self-Rating Anxiety Scale (SAS) Scores (N = 446)

Variables		N (%)	SAS (M±SD)	t/F	P-value
Age (years)	Under 22	55 (12.33)	54.75±10.02	25.489	0.000
	22–35	359 (80.49)	45.94±8.26
	Over 35	32 (7.17)	49.57±11.14
Educational background	High school or below	130 (29.14)	53.09±8.53	43.504	0.000
	Undergraduate	228 (51.12)	44.97±7.63
	Postgraduate	88 (19.73)	44.73±10.07
Occupation	Full-time work	371 (83.18)	46.87±9.03	2.722	0.067
	Part-time work	47 (10.54)	50.07±9.88
	Does not work	28 (6.28)	48.21±9.49
Marital status	Single	26 (5.83)	47.12±10.40	0.036	0.965
	Married	411 (92.15)	47.28±9.09
	Divorced	9 (2.02)	48.06±11.08
Annual household income	≤$7,000	104 (23.32)	50.97±8.58	4.782	0.000
	>$7,000	342 (76.68)	46.17±9.09
Trimester	First trimester	47 (10.54)	47.31±10.10	3.790	0.023
	Second trimester	157 (35.20)	45.72±7.11
	Third trimester	242 (54.26)	48.30±10.05
Parity	Primiparous	227 (50.90)	50.01±9.60	6.671	0.000
	Multiparous	219 (49.10)	44.47±7.82
Number of children	None	270 (60.54)	49.28±9.45	17.268	0.000
	1	161 (36.10)	44.20±7.79
	2 or more	15 (3.36)	44.50±9.10
Frequency of going out	None	158 (35.43%)	47.88±9.90	14.891	0.000
	1–6 times	183 (41.03%)	49.10±7.94
	Over 6 times	105 (23.54%)	43.25±8.95
Primary reason for going out	None	158 (35.43%)	47.88±9.90	3.930	0.009
	Prenatal examination	136 (30.49%)	48.60±9.58
	Shopping or eating	130 (29.15%)	45.03±7.61
	Visiting relatives and friends or other reasons	22 (4.93%)	48.30±7.99
Wearing mask when going out	Never	158 (35.43%)	47.88±9.90	1.647	0.194
	Occasionally	40 (8.97%)	49.00±6.94
	Always	248 (55.60%)	46.64±9.00
Self-monitoring during pregnancy	Can and do	251 (56.28%)	45.30±8.44	20.303	0.000
	Want, but do not know how to do	165 (37.00%)	50.76±9.01
	Do not care	30 (6.73%)	44.83±10.67
Attitude toward prenatal examinations	Necessary, and attended regularly	139 (31.17%)	45.48±6.28	8.286	0.000
	Necessary, but temporarily postponed	282 (63.23%)	47.66±10.22
	Determinedly stayed at home and canceled prenatal examinations	25 (5.61%)	53.15±7.65
Expected access to pregnancy healthcare	Regular obstetric clinic visits	57 (12.78%)	46.82±7.82	6.811	0.001
	Teleconsultation services	221 (49.55%)	48.83±9.54
	Home visits by obstetrician	168 (37.67%)	45.42±8.83
Impact of COVID-19 on personal life	Huge	381 (85.43%)	47.93±8.44	9.055	0.000
	Average	36 (8.07%)	45.73±13.28
	Small	29 (6.50%)	40.78±10.07
Total		446	47.29±9.19

Table 2 Multivariate Logistic Regression Analysis of Participants’ Anxiety (N = 446)

Variables		β	SE	Wald	P-value	OR	95% CI
							Lower	Upper
Age (years)	Under 22	0.667	0.558	1.426	0.232	1.948	−0.428	1.761
	22–35	−1.261	0.436	8.369	0.004*	0.283	−2.116	−0.407
	Over 35^a	-	-	-	-	1.000	-	-
Educational background	High school or below	−0.160	0.357	0.201	0.654	0.852	−0.861	0.540
	Undergraduate	−1.250	0.349	12.806	0.000*	0.287	−1.934	−0.565
	Postgraduate^a	-	-	-	-	1.000	-	-
Annual household income	≤$7,000	0.878	0.284	9.528	0.002*	2.406	0.320	1.435
	>$7,000^a	-	-	-	-	1.000	-	-
Trimester	First trimester	−0.606	0.434	1.947	0.163	0.545	−1.458	0.245
	Second trimester	−1.299	0.290	20.000	0.000*	0.273	−1.868	−0.730
	Third trimester^a	-	-	-	-	1.000	-	-
Parity	Primiparous	1.965	0.450	19.097	0.000*	7.135	1.084	2.846
	Multiparous^a	-	-	-	-	1.000	-	-
Primary reason for going out	None	0.093	0.422	0.048	0.826	1.097	−0.734	0.920
	Prenatal examination	1.752	0.351	24.923	0.000*	5.766	1.064	2.440
	Shopping or visiting relatives and friends or other reasons	-	-	-	-	1.000	-	-
Self-monitoring during pregnancy	Can and do	0.447	0.618	0.525	0.469	1.564	−0.763	1.658
	Want, but do not know how to do	1.517	0.629	5.822	0.016*	4.559	0.285	2.750
	Do not care^a	-	-	-	-	1.000	-	-
Attitude toward prenatal examination	Determinedly stayed at home and canceled prenatal examinations	1.552	0.474	10.738	0.001*	4.721	0.624	2.481
	Necessary, attended timely or temporarily postponed ^a	-	-	-	-	1.000	-	-
Expected access to pregnancy healthcare	Regular obstetric clinic visits	−0.428	0.415	1.064	0.302	0.652	−1.241	0.385
	Teleconsultation services	0.846	0.263	10.345	0.001*	2.330	0.330	1.361
	Home visits by obstetrician^a	-	-	-	-	1.000	-	-

Notes: *Statistically significant (P<0.05); ^arepresent reference group.

Abbreviation: SE, standard error, OR, odds ratio, CI, confidential interval.