Prediction of Health Risk Preventative Behavior of Amateur Marathon Runners: A Cross-Sectional Study

Figures & data

Figure 1 Conceptual mediation model and hypotheses.

Table 1 Descriptive Statistical Results of Demographic Characteristics

Variable	Frequency/Percentage	Variable	Frequency/Percentage
Gender		Age
Male	184/53.8%	18–25 years old	212/62.0%
Female	158/46.2%	26–30 years old	96/28.1%
Household income (RMB, Chinese yuan)		31–40 years old	26/7.6%
Annual income below 100,000	111/32.5%	41–50 years old	6/1.8%
Annual income of 100,000–200,000	163/47.7%	Over 50 years old	2/0.6%
Annual income above 200,000	68/19.9%	Education level
Employment status		Junior college and below	81/23.7%
Employed	219/64.0%	Undergraduate	168/49.1%
Number of entries		Postgraduate and above	93/27.2%
1–2 times	208/60.8%	Running age
3–4 times	68/19.9%	Within 1 year	96/28.1%
5–6 times	18/5.3%	Within 1 year to 2 years	120/35.1%
7–8 times	8/2.3%	Within 2 years to 3 years	54/15.8%
9 times and above	40/11.7%	More than three years	72/21.1%

Table 2 Reliability Analysis Results of Each Item in the Scale

Factors and Items (Cronbach’s Alphas)	Mean	SD	CITC	Factor Loading	CR	AVE
Perceived susceptibility (0.759)	3.650	0.644			0.747	0.500
PSU1	3.816	0.798	0.851**	0.688
PSU2	3.561	0.785	0.799**	0.681
PSU3	3.573	0.769	0.814**	0.742
Perceived severity (0.768)	3.556	0.714
PSE1	3.591	0.844	0.828**	0.716	0.764	0.519
PSE2	3.594	0.887	0.818**	0.713
PSE3	3.482	0.862	0.833**	0.731
Health behavior expectation (0.859)	3.334	0.709
HBE1	3.544	0.833	0.886**	0.820	0.864	0.678
HBE2	3.599	0.860	0.897**	0.826
HBE3	2.860	0.705	0.874**	0.825
Self-efficacy (0.878)	3.360	0.685			0.881	0.712
SE1	3.596	0.785	0.901**	0.844
SE2	3.661	0.822	0.894**	0.856
SE3	2.822	0.677	0.903**	0.831
Attitude to preventative behaviour (0.860)	3.394	0.717
AT1	3.509	0.921	0.836**	0.734	0.859	0.550
AT2	3.471	0.937	0.797**	0.753
AT3	3.433	0.906	0.815**	0.791
AT4	3.357	0.854	0.761**	0.715
AT5	3.213	0.859	0.784**	0.711
Health values (0.879)	3.468	0.765			0.881	0.649
HV1	3.538	0.844	0.870**	0.837
HV2	3.254	0.946	0.872**	0.814
HV3	3.573	0.919	0.847**	0.790
HV4	3.506	0.862	0.840**	0.779
Preventative behaviour (0.847)	3.363	0.683			0.848	0.650
PBE1	3.599	0.807	0.881**	0.819
PBE2	3.643	0.804	0.868**	0.808
PBE3	2.845	0.728	0.878**	0.791

Notes: **Indicates that the correlation is significant on the 0.01 level. Generally, CITC greater than 0.5 indicates a correlation.

Abbreviations: HTP, perceived health threat; PSU, perceived susceptibility; PSE, perceived severity; HBE, health behaviour expectation; SE, self-efficacy; AT, attitude to preventative behaviour; HV, health values; PBE, preventative behaviour. The following are the same. The contents of this table can be found in Supplementary Materials.

Table 3 Regressions Analyses

DV	IVs	B	S.E.	t-value	P-value	95% Confidence Interval		Hypothesis
						LLCI	ULCI
HBE	HTP	0.470	0.055	8.529	0.000	0.362	0.579	H1a
	R^2	0.176	F= 72.749, p < 0.0001
SE	HBE	0.864	0.022	39.850	0.000	0.821	0.906	H2a
	HTP	0.080	0.024	3.276	0.001	0.032	0.127	H1b
	R^2	0.860	F= 1036.954, p < 0.0001
AT	SE	0.463	0.048	9.613	0.000	0.368	0.557	H3a
	HBE	0.491	0.051	9.702	0.000	0.391	0.590	H2b
	HTP	0.083	0.023	3.596	0.000	0.037	0.128	H1c
	R^2	0.889	F=903.895, p < 0.0001
PBE	AT	0.230	0.049	4.695	0.000	0.134	0.326	H4
	SE	0.322	0.052	6.249	0.000	0.221	0.424	H3b
	HBE	0.373	0.049	7.613	0.000	0.277	0.470	H2c
	HTP	0.046	0.021	2.160	0.032	0.004	0.087	H1d
	R^2	0.901	F=767.570, p < 0.0001

Abbreviations: DV, dependent variable; IVs, independent variables; B, unstandardized coefficients; S.E., standard error. The following are the same.

Table 4 Regression Coefficients of Serial Mediation Models Estimated Using PROCESS

Path	Effect	S.E.	95% Confidence Interval
			Boot Lower	Boot Upper
HTP→HBE→PBE	0.108	0.029	0.057	0.173
HTP→SE→PBE	0.026	0.011	0.008	0.050
HTP→AT→PBE	0.031	0.012	0.010	0.059
HTP→HBE→SE→PBE	0.131	0.032	0.077	0.202
HTP→HBE→AT→PBE	0.081	0.020	0.047	0.128
HTP→SE→AT→PBE	0.015	0.006	0.005	0.030
HTP→HBE→SE→AT→PBE	0.074	0.017	0.047	0.113

Table 5 Regression Coefficients of Moderated Mediation Models Estimated Using PROCESS

Independent Variables	B	S.E.	95% Confidence Interval		B	S.E.	95% Confidence Interval
			Boot Lower	Boot Upper			Boot Lower	Boot Upper
	Health behavior expectation				Self-efficacy
HTP	−0.578	0.092	−0.759	−0.397	−0.596	0.089	−0.771	−0.422
HV	−0.463	0.107	−0.673	−0.252	−0.569	0.104	−0.772	−0.365
HTP × HV	0.317	0.030	0.258	0.377	0.333	0.029	0.276	0.391
	Attitude to preventative behaviour
HTP	−0.593	0.089	−0.768	−0.419
HV	−0.592	0.103	−0.796	−0.389
HTP × HV	0.349	0.029	0.291	0.406
	Preventative behavior
HBE	0.187	0.049	0.091	0.283
SE	0.292	0.051	0.192	0.392
AT	0.322	0.049	0.225	0.419
HTP	−0.065	0.055	−0.173	0.042
HV	−0.067	0.062	−0.190	0.056
HTP × HV	0.052	0.020	0.012	0.092

Figure 2 Health values simple slope test. The upper figure (A): The Interplay of amateur marathon runners’ perceived health threat, health values and health behaviour expectation; the upper figure (B): The Interplay of amateur marathon runners’ perceived health threat, health values and self-efficacy; the upper figure (C): The Interplay of amateur marathon runners’ perceived health threat, health values and attitude to preventative behaviour; the upper figure (D): The Interplay of amateur marathon runners’ perceived health threat, health values and preventative behaviour.

Abbreviations: HTP, perceived health threat; HV, health values; HBE, health behaviour expectation; SE, self-efficacy; AT, attitude to preventative behaviour; PBE, preventative behaviour.