Using the Socio-Ecological Model to Frame the Influence of Stakeholders on Cocoa Farmers’ Pesticide Safety in Nigeria: Findings from a Qualitative Study

Figures & data

Figure 1 Socio-ecological model of stakeholders influence on cocoa farmers pesticides use safety of the current study based on Lee.²⁴

Table 1 Codes Extracted from the Interviews

Themes	Codes	n (%)
Policy influence (Government agencies: Regional directors; n = 2)	-Ineffective policy implementation	2 (100)
	-Lack of policies on pesticide registration, use and disposal	2 (100)
Institutions influence (Pesticide importers; n = 7) (Government agencies: Department heads; n = 4)	-Inconsistent trainings	7 (100)
	-Pesticide labelling challenges due to market dynamics	7 (100)
	-Lack of disposal mechanisms	7 (100)
	-Inadequate financial resources	4 (100)
Community influence (Extension officers; n = 6)	-Insufficient extension courses	6 (100)
	-Poor rural road networks	6 (100)
	-Lack of motivation	3 (50)
	-Inadequate human resources	3 (50)
Interpersonal influence (Pesticide retailers; n = 15)	-Not accepting responsibility regarding pesticides advice	11 (73.3)
	-Being a member of agrochemical associations	3 (20.0)
	-Wrong assumptions about farmers expertise	9 (60.0)
	-Inadequate knowledge of product characteristics	12 (80.0)
Personal influence (Cocoa farmers; n = 23)	-Lack of safety information from retailers	17 (73.9)
	-Lack of trust in retailers advice	10 (43.5)
	-Inadequate trainings from other stakeholders	18 (78.3)

Table 2 Cocoa Farmers Main Source of Information Regarding Pesticide Use

Information Source	n
Extension officers	3
Pesticide retailers	17
Pesticide importers	2
Government agencies	1

Lee BC, Bendixsen C, Liebman AK, Gallagher SS. Using the socio-ecological model to frame agricultural safety and health interventions. J Agromedicine. 2017;22(4):298–303. doi:10.1080/1059924X.2017.1356780

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