Prevalence and Factors Associated with Fear of COVID-19 Among Homeless Individuals During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Evidence from the Hamburg Survey of Homeless Individuals

Figures & data

Table 1 Sample Characteristics for the Total Sample (n=150)

Variables	Mean (Standard Deviation)/N (%)
Gender
Male	120 (80.5%)
Female	29 (19.5%)
Age	44.6 (12.5)
Family status
Single	89 (68.5%)
Widowed/Divorced/Married, living separated from spouse	41 (31.5%)
Education
Primary education	42 (32.6%)
Secondary/tertiary education	87 (67.4%)
Country of origin
Germany	64 (45.7%)
Neighboring country	40 (28.6%)
Other country	36 (25.7%)
Alcohol consume
Absence of chronic alcohol consume (CDT ≤ 2.5)	88 (62.0%)
Presence of chronic alcohol consume (CDT > 2.5)	54 (38.0%)
Fear of COVID-19 (from 1 = not at all to 4 = severely)	1.7 (1.0)
Not at all	73 (56.2%)
A little	31 (23.8%)
Somewhat	12 (9.2%)
Severely	14 (10.8%)
Perceived own risk of getting the coronavirus one day (from 1 = very low to 5 = high)	2.1 (1.1)
Very low	54 (42.9%)
Low	26 (20.6%)
Average	32 (25.4%)
Increased	10 (7.9%)
High	4 (3.2%)
Perception that being infected with the coronavirus is preventable (from 1 = does not apply to 7 = fully applies)	4.9 (2.1)
Agreement that a diagnosis of the coronavirus would ruin his/her life (from 1 = does not apply to 7 = fully applies)	3.1 (2.3)

Notes: Descriptive statistics were given as mean and standard deviation for continuous variables and frequency and percentage (%) for categorical variables.

Table 2 Determinants of Fear of COVID-19. Findings of Multiple Linear Regressions (Second Column: With Listwise Deletion, n=101; Third Column: With Full-Information Maximum Likelihood, n=150)

Independent Variables	Fear of COVID-19 (Using Listwise Deletion)	Fear of COVID-19 (Using Full-Information Maximum Likelihood)
Gender: - Female (Ref.: Male)	0.18 (0.22)	0.22 (0.18)
Age	−0.01* (0.01)	−0.01* (0.01)
Family status: - Widowed/Divorced/Married, living separated from spouse (Ref.: Single)	0.07 (0.18)	−0.00 (0.16)
Education: - Secondary/tertiary education (Ref.: Primary education)	0.12 (0.17)	0.16 (0.14)
Country of origin: - Neighboring country (Germany)	0.18 (0.24)	0.33+ (0.20)
- Other country	−0.15 (0.18)	−0.14 (0.17)
Alcohol consume: - Presence of chronic alcohol consume (CDT > 2.5) (Ref.: Absence of chronic alcohol consume)	−0.55** (0.17)	−0.51** (0.17)
Perceived own risk of getting the coronavirus one day (from 1 = very low to 5 = high)	0.42*** (0.08)	0.46*** (0.07)
Perception that being infected with the coronavirus is preventable (from 1 = does not apply to 7 = fully applies)	−0.01 (0.05)	−0.02 (0.04)
Agreement that a diagnosis of the coronavirus would ruin his/her life (from 1 = does not apply to 7 = fully applies)	0.13** (0.04)	0.12*** (0.03)
Constant	0.34 (0.42)	0.24 (0.37)
Observations	101	150
R^2	0.47	0.47

Notes: Unstandardized beta-coefficients are reported; robust standard errors in parentheses; ***p<0.001, **p<0.01, *p<0.05, +p<0.10.