Estimating the Transmission Risks of Viral Hepatitis and HIV Among Blood Donors in Hossana, Southern Ethiopia

Figures & data

Table 1 Socio-Demographic Characteristics of Blood Donors in Hossana District Blood Bank, Southern Ethiopia, 2020 (n = 417)

	Characteristics	Frequency	Percentage
Gender	Male	243	58.3
	Female	174	41.7
Age category (years)	18–30	146	35.0
	31–45	194	46.5
	46–65	77	18.5
Residence:	Rural	140	33.6
	Urban	277	66.4
Marital status	Married	235	56.4
	Single	178	42.7
	Widowed	2	0.5
	Divorced	2	0.5
Educational status	No formal education	55	13.2
	Primary level	193	46.3
	Secondary level and above	169	40.5
Occupation	Employed	147	35.3
	Daily laborer	40	9.6
	Student	107	25.7
	House wife	44	10.6
	Other*	79	18.9
Religion	Orthodox	52	12.5
	Muslim	89	21.3
	Protestant	174	41.7
	Catholic	92	22.1
	Other**	10	2.4
Donation type	Voluntary	413	99.0
	Replacement	4	1.0
Frequency of donation	First time	360	86.3
	Repeated	57	13.7

Notes: *Private work like driving, shopping; **seventh day apostolic, Jehovah witness and without any religion.

Table 2 Magnitude of Viral TTIs in Different Socio-Demographic Variables Among Blood Donors, in Hossana Blood Bank District, Southern Ethiopia

Variables	Characteristics	Total No of Participants	HBV+	HCV+	HIV+
			N (%)	N (%)	N (%)
Gender	Male	243 (58.3)	26 (10.7)	4 (1.7)	14 (8.1)
	Female	174 (41.3)	15 (3.7)	6 (3.4)	4 (2.3)
Age category (years)	18–30	146 (35.0)	13 (8.9)	3 (2.1)	5 (3.4)
	31–45	194 (46.5)	24 (12.4)	6 (3.1)	10 (5.2)
	46–65	77 (18.5)	4 (5.2)	1 (1.3)	3 (3.9)
Residence	Rural	140 (33.6)	12 (8.6)	3 (2.1)	4 (2.6)
	Urban	277 (66.4)	29 (10.5)	7 (2.5)	14 (5.1)
Marital status	Married	235 (56.4)	32 (13.6)	8 (3.4)	12 (5.1)
	Single	178 (42.7)	9 (5.1)	2 (1.1)	6 (3.4)
	Widowed	2 (0.5)	–	–	–
	Divorced	2 (0.5)	–	–	–
Educational status	No formal education	55 (13.2)	7 (12.7)	1 (1.8)	3 (5.5)
	Primary level	193 (46.3)	23 (11.9)	4 (2.1)	10 (5.2)
	Secondary and above	169 (40.5)	10 (5.9)	5 (3.0)	5 (3.0)
Occupation	Employed	147 (35.3)	19 (12.9)	3 (2.1)	9 (6.1)
	Daily laborer	40 (9.6)	5 (12.5)	1 (2.5)	1 (2.5)
	Student	107 (25.7)	10 (9.4)	3 (2.8)	6 (5.6)
	House wife	44 (10.6)	2 (4.6)	1 (2.3)	2 (4.6)
	Other	79 (18.9)	5 (6.3)	2 (2.6)	2 (2.5)
Religion	Orthodox	52 (12.5)	3 (5.8)	1 (1.9)	2 (3.9)
	Muslim	89 (21.3)	9 (10.1)	2 (2.2)	3 (3.4)
	Protestant	174 (41.7)	21 (12.1)	5 (2.9)	10 (5.8)
	Catholic	92 (22.1)	7 (7.6)	2 (2.2)	3 (3.3)
	Other	10 (2.4)	1 (10.0)	–	–
Donation type	Voluntary	413 (99.0)	41 (9.9)	10 (2.4)	18 (4.4)
	Replacement	4 (1.0)	–	–	–
Frequency of donation	First time	360 (86.3)	39 (10.8)	9 (2.9)	16 (4.4)
	Repeated	57 (13.7)	2 (3.51)	1 (1.8)	2 (3.5)

Abbreviations: TTIs, transfusion transmissible viral infections; HBV+, hepatitis B virus positive; HCV+, hepatitis C virus positive; HIV+, Human Immunodeficiency Virus positive.

Table 3 HBV, HCV and HIV Magnitude in Relation to Different Risk Factors Characteristics of the Study Participants

Variables	Participants	HBV+	HCV+	HIV+
	N (%)	N (%)	N (%)	N (%)
Hospital admission
Yes	47 (11.3)	5 (10.6)	2 (4.3)	3 (6.4)
No	370 (87.7)	36 (9.3)	8 (2.2)	15 (4.1)
Surgical procedure
Yes	28 (6.7)	3 (10.7)	1 (3.6)	1 (3.6)
No	389 (93.3)	38 (9.8)	9 (2.3)	17 (4.4)
Multiple sexual contact
Yes	82 (19.7)	14 (17.1)	3 (3.7)	7 (8.5)
No	335 (80.3)	27 (8.1)	7 (2.1)	11 (3.3)
Alcohol consumption
Yes	89 (21.3)	14 (15.7)	4 (4.5)	7 (7.9)
No	328 (78.7)	27 (8.2)	6 (1.9)	11 (3.4)
Intravenous drug use
Yes	106 (25.4)	12 (11.3)	3 (2.8)	5 (4.7)
No	311 (74.5)	29 (9.3)	7 (2.3)	13 (4.2)
Tooth extraction
Yes	61 (14.6)	8 (13.1)	2 (3.3)	3 (4.9)
No	356 (85.4)	33 (9.3)	8 (2.3)	15 (4.2)
Contact with hepatitis/jaundiced patients
Yes	41 (9.8)	7 (17.1)	2 (4.9)	2 (4.9)
No	376 (90.2)	34 (9.0)	8 (2.1)	16 (4.3)
History of tattooing/piercing
Yes	72 (17.3)	9 (12.5)	3 (4.2)	4 (5.6)
No	345 (82.7)	32 (9.3)	7 (2.1)	14 (4.1)
Family history of hepatitis
Yes	32 (7.7)	6 (18.8)	1 (3.1)	1 (3.1)
No	390 (92.3)	35 (9.0)	9 (2.3)	17 (4.4)
Chat chewing
Yes	74 (17.4)	11 (14.9)	3 (4.1)	6 (8.1)
No	343 (82.6)	30 (8.4)	7 (2.1)	12 (3.5)

Abbreviations: HBV+, hepatitis B virus positive; HCV+, hepatitis C virus positive; HIV+, Human Immunodeficiency Virus positive.

Table 4 The Magnitude of HBV in Relation to Risk Factors Characteristics of the Study Participants

Characteristics	HBV Test Result
	Positive	Negative	COR (95% CI)	AOR (95% CI)
Multiple sexual contact
Yes	14	68	2.3 (1.9, 18.3)*	4.2 (2.33, 7.43)**
No	27	308	1.00	1.00
Alcohol consumption
Yes	14	75	2.1 (3.1, 20.2)*	2.7 (6.7, 43.8)**
No	27	301	1.00	1.00
Tooth extraction
Yes	8	53	1.5 (1.62, 32.2)*	2.3 (0.41, 22.26)
No	33	323	1.00
Contact with/ jaundiced hepatitis patients
Yes	7	34	2.1 (7.8, 14.1)*	3.4 (0.67, 14.13)
No	34	342	1.00
Family history of hepatitis
Yes	6	26	2.4 (1.5, 8.9)*	5.2 (2.92, 7.41)**
No	35	350	1.00
Chat chewing
Yes	11	63	1.8 (1.2, 9.2)*	2.2 (0.86, 45.7)
No	30	313	1.00
Educational level
No formal education	7	48	1.1 (4.23, 11.14)*	1.3 (0.91, 12.23)
Primary level	23	170	3.2 (3.17, 8.46)*	3.1 (2.58, 15.25)**
Secondary and above	10	159	1.00

Notes: *Candidate variable for multivariate analysis at P < 0.25. *Variable significant, **variable highly significant by the multivariate analysis at P < 0.05.

Abbreviations: COR, crude odds ratio; AOR, adjusted odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; 1, reference.

Table 5 The Magnitude of HIV in Relation to Risk Factor Characteristics of the Study Participants

Characteristics	HIV Test Result		COR (95% CI)	AOR (95% CI)
	Positive	Negative
Multiple sexual contact
Yes	7	75	2.7 (1.91, 13.37)*	4.9 (3.51, 9.65)**
No	11	324	1.00	1.00
Alcohol consumption
Yes	7	82	2.5 (3.1, 20.2)*	2.7 (6.7, 43.8)**
No	11	317	1.00	1.00
Tooth extraction
Yes	3	58	1.2 (0.62, 32.2)	1.8 (0.27, 21.23)
No	15	341	1.00	1.00
Intravenous drug use
Yes	5	101	1.1 (7.8, 54.1)*	1.3 (0.86, 4.33)
No	13	298	1.00	1.00
Surgical procedure
Yes	1	27	0.8 (1.5, 8.9)	1.2 (0.62, 11.2)
No	17	372	1.00	1.00
Chat chewing
Yes	6	68	2.3 (1.2, 9.2)*	3.2 (8.6, 45.7)**
No	12	331	1.00	1.00

Notes: *Candidate variable for multivariate analysis at P < 0.25. *Variable significant, **Variable highly significant by the multivariate analysis at P < 0.05.

Abbreviations: COR, crude odds ratio; AOR, adjusted odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; 1, reference.