Successful Aging Among Community-Dwelling Older Adults in Urban Areas of Liaoning Province: The Crucial Effect of Visual Ability

Figures & data

Figure 1 The sampling frame.

Table 1 The Distribution of SA by Gender and Age Among the Older Adults in Urban Areas of Liaoning Province

		Male (N=1656)		Female (N=1902)		p
		Yes N (%)	No N (%)	Yes N (%)	No N (%)
Age	65~74	404(36.7)	897(63.3)	437(39.5)	668(60.5)	ns
	75+	121(21.8)	434(78.2)	122(15.3)	675(84.7)	<0.01
P		<0.01		<0.01
Total		525(31.7)	1131(68.3)	559(29.4)	1343(70.6)	ns

Abbreviation: ns, not significant.

Table 2 Univariate Analysis of Factors Associated with SA

Variables	Male(N=1656)		Female(N=1902)
	SA N (%)	OR (95% CI)	SA N (%)	OR (95% CI)
Demographic characteristics
Ethnicity
Minority	–	–	31(11.7)
Han	–	–	527(32.2)	3.61(2.44–5.32)
Frequency missing			1
Marital status
Other	36(12.2)		65(14.0)
Married/cohabitation	489(36.0)	4.06(2.82–5.85)	494(34.3)	3.20(2.41–4.25)
Frequency missing	1
Living arrangement
Living alone	22(12.2)		45(20.0)
Living with spouse/children	503(34.1)	3.72(2.35–5.89)	513(30.7)	1.77(1.26–2.49)
Frequency missing	2		4
Pension
Have not	19(18.4)		16(9.4)
Have	505(32.6)	2.14(1.29–3.56)	541(31.3)	4.42(2.61–7.46)
Frequency missing	4		3
Health status
Self-rated chronic disease
Presence	260(21.8)		314(21.3)
Absence	265(57.2)	4.80(3.82–6.04)	245(56.8)	4.85(3.86–6.10)
Visual ability
Impaired	90(13.9)		85(10.5)
Good	432(43.0)	4.66(3.61–6.01)	473(43.5)	6.58(5.10–8.49)
Frequency missing	5		4
Hearing ability
Impaired	114(15.7)		107(12.9)
Good	407(44.1)	4.24(3.34–5.38)	451(42.1)	4.90(3.87–6.21)
Frequency missing	6		5
Sleeping quality
Bad	143(19.4)		190(20.0)
Good	382(41.7)	2.96(2.38–3.73)	369(38.8)	2.54(2.07–3.12)
Behavioral factors
Smoking
Yes/had ever	251(26.0)		101(24.0)
Never	271(39.6)	1.87(1.51–2.30)	458(30.9)	1.41(1.10–1.81)
Frequency missing	4		1
Alcohol consumption
Yes	216(30.2)		61(26.3)
No	306(32.8)		498(29.8)
Frequency missing	7		1
Taking a walk
≤2 times/week	144(21.4)		131(19.7)
≥3–4 times/week	381(38.8)	2.33(1.86–2.91)	428(34.6)	2.16(1.72–2.70)
Regular diet
No	54(30.3)		52(18.6)
Yes	471(31.9)		507(31.3)	1.99(1.45–2.74)
Social-psychological factors
Participating in entertainment
No	95(16.6)		160(20.8)
Yes	429(39.7)	3.31(2.57–4.26)	398(35.3)	2.08(1.68–2.57)
Frequency missing	4		6
Watching television often
No	31(15.6)		41(15.2)
Yes	494(33.9)	2.78(1.87–4.14)	517(31.7)	2.60(1.83–3.68)
Frequency missing	1		3
Filial piety
So so/bad	23(13.1)		23(14.0)
Good	502(34.3)	3.45(2.20–5.42)	536(31.1)	2.77(1.76–4.35)
Frequency missing	17		14

Notes: Frequency missing was shown as the number of missing cases. OR value was only shown for the variables with p<0.05.

Table 3 Multivariate Logistic Regression Analysis for Clarifying the Risk Factors of SA

Variables	OR	95% CI
Male (N=1629)
Age (fixed)	0.99	0.96–1.01
Visual ability (Good vs Impaired)	3.57	2.66–4.78
Self-rated chronic disease (Absence vs Presence)	3.31	2.52–4.35
Marital status (Married/cohabitation vs Other)	2.77	1.78–4.33
Filial piety (Good vs So so/bad)	2.38	1.40–4.07
Watching television often (Yes vs No)	2.21	1.42–3.46
Sleeping quality (Good vs Bad)	1.68	1.28–2.20
Hearing ability (Good vs Impaired)	1.64	1.23–2.20
Taking a walk (≥3–4 times/week vs ≤2 times/week)	1.57	1.20–2.05
Participating in entertainment(Yes vs No)	1.51	1.13–2.04
Female (N=1880)
Age (fixed)	0.95	0.92–0.97
Visual ability (Good vs Impaired)	4.44	3.33–5.93
Self-rated chronic disease (Absence vs Presence)	3.56	2.72–4.66
Watching television often (Yes vs No)	2.40	1.60–3.58
Ethnicity (Han vs Minority)	2.14	1.36–3.37
Filial piety (Good vs So so/bad)	2.11	1.24–3.60
Marital status (Married/cohabitation vs Other)	2.01	1.42–2.84
Hearing ability (Good vs Impaired)	1.61	1.21–2.14
Taking a walk (≥3–4 times/week vs ≤2 times/week)	1.48	1.13–1.95
Sleeping quality (Good vs Bad)	1.39	1.08–1.79

Note: Age is treated as continuous variable.