Risk Characteristics of Catastrophic Health Expenditure in Multidimensional Borderline Poor Households in China

Figures & data

Figure 1 Proportion of individual out-of-pocket medical expenditure in total health expenditure.

Note: Compiled from the data of China Statistical Yearbook in 2020.

Table 1 Dimension, Index, Deprivation Critical Value and Weight Setting of Multidimensional Poor Index

Dimension	Index (j)	Deprivation Critical Value	Weight (qi)
Economic level	Current assets	Current assets not exceeding 748.75 yuan are considered as poverty	1/4
Health level	Self-rated health	Answers “no” and “very no” are considered poor	1/4
Living level	Cooking fuel	Lack of cooking fuel qualifies as poverty	1/16
	Running water facilities	Lack of running water facilities is considered poverty	1/16
	Bathing facilities	Lack of bathing facilities is considered poverty	1/16
	Lighting facilities	Lack of lighting facilities is considered poverty	1/16
Education level	Compulsory education	Failure to complete compulsory education is considered poverty	1/4

Notes: Data source: Index and critical value selection reference: Wang and Wang. Multidimensional poverty measurement in China. Journal of China agricultural university (Social science edition), 2013,30(02):129–136; Zhao Y. Endowment insurance, medical insurance and multidimensional poverty of rural elderly. East China University of Science and Technology, 2019.

Table 2 Variable introduction and Descriptive Statistics(N=3903)

Type	Variable	Variable Description	Mean	Standard Deviation
Dependent variable	Whether catastrophic health expenditures occur	Yes = 1; No = 0	0.286	0.452
Independent variable	Weighted average number of dispossession (c)	(c <0.3, non- multidimensional borderline poor households=0); (c≥0.3, multidimensional borderline poor households)=1	0.302	0.247
Control variable	Annual household income	(income <=1560, poorest) =0; (1560< income <=7500, relative poverty) =1; (7500< income <=25,850, medium)=2; (Income ≥25,850, rich)=3	1.492	1.121
	Gender	Female =0; Male = 1	0.5	0.5
	Age	Continuous variable	62.297	10
	Marital Status	Divorced, widowed, unmarried =0; Have spouse = 1	0.774	0.418
	Area type	Rural = 0; Urban(City, town center and combined area) =1	0.279	0.578
	Whether children provide financial support	Provide = 1; Did not provide = 0	0.762	0.426
	With or without medical insurance	No = 0; Urban employee medical insurance =1; Medical insurance for urban residents =2; New Rural cooperative medical insurance =3; Commercial medical insurance =4	2.682	0.833
	With or without endowment insurance	No = 0; Endowment insurance of government and public institution =1; Other = 2	1.51	0.776

Note: Data source: Analyzed by Stata software. Annual household income stratification is divided according to the boundary of 25%, 50% and 75% of the sample size.

Table 3 Regression Results of Factors Influencing Catastrophic Health Expenditure

Variable	OR	Standard Error	P-value
WALD	2.092***	0.171	0.000
Annual Household Income (Comparison group: poorest Group)
Relative poverty	0.909	0.088	0.324
Medium	0.770**	0.080	0.011
Rich	0.528***	0.066	0.000
Urban and Rural (Comparison Group: Rural)
Urban	0.827	0.050	0.105
Medical insurance (Comparison Group: No)
Urban employee medical insurance	1.653*	0.483	0.096
Medical insurance for urban residents	1.660*	0.460	0.083
New Rural cooperative medical insurance	1.364	0.290	0.144
Commercial medical insurance	1.097	0.345	0.769
Endowment insurance(Comparison Group: No)
Endowment insurance of government and public institution	1.085	0.220	0.690
Other	0.853	0.084	0.105
Gender	0.790***	0.060	0.002
Age	1.015***	0.004	0.001
Marital Status	1.258**	0.123	0.019
Children provide financial support	1.300***	0.123	0.006
Constant term	0.085***	0.027	0.000
Observation	3903

Notes: *** P <0.01, ** P <0.05, * P <0.1; The OR value represents the output in the form of a risk ratio.

Table 4 Regression Results of Factors Affecting Catastrophic Health Expenditure of Different Populations

Variable	Multidimensional Borderline Poor Households Group		Non-Multidimensional Borderline Poor Households Group
	OR	P-value	OR	P-value
Annual Household Income (Comparison group: poorest Group)
Relative poverty	0. 835	0.120	1.140	0.476
Medium	0. 725**	0.017	0.925	0.654
Rich	0. 359***	0.000	0.779	0.192
Urban and Rural (Comparison Group: Rural)
Urban	1.016	0.929	0.720**	0.032
Medical insurance (Comparison Group: No)
Urban employee medical insurance	1.292	0.575	2.527*	0.096
Medical insurance for urban residents	1.157	0. 710	2.898*	0.054
New Rural cooperative medical insurance	1.194	0. 479	2.090	0.125
Commercial medical insurance	1.156	0. 762	1.546	0.442
Endowment insurance(Comparison Group: No)
Endowment insurance of government and public institution	1.081	0.827	1.016	0.950
Other	0. 918	0.491	0.763*	0.096
Gender	0.745***	0.003	0.818	0.104
Age	1.010*	0.071	1.023***	0.001
Marital Status	1.273**	0.038	1.210	0.280
Children provide financial support	1.194	0.157	1.460**	0.012
Constant term	0.309***	0.010	0.028***	0.000
Observation	1932		1971

Notes: *** P <0.01, ** P <0.05, * P <0.1; The OR value represents the output in the form of a risk ratio. Annual Household Income stratification is divided according to the boundary of 25%, 50% and 75% of the sample size.

Table 5 Sub-Regional Regression Results of Factors Influencing Catastrophic Health Expenditures of Multidimensional Poor Households

Variable	Rural		Urban
	OR	P-value	OR	P-value
Annual Household Income (Comparison group: poorest Group)
Relative poverty	0.825	0.108	1.216	0.699
Medium	0.718**	0.020	1.065	0.890
Rich	0.363***	0.000	0.421*	0.076
Medical insurance (Comparison Group: No)
Urban employee medical insurance	2.022	0.335	1.061	0.947
Medical insurance for urban residents	2.122	0.224	1.046	0.956
New Rural cooperative medical insurance	1.168	0.557	1.589	0.548
Commercial medical insurance	1.142	0.789	1.184	0.914
Endowment insurance(Comparison Group: No)
Endowment insurance of government and public institution	0.433	0.203	2.146	0.142
Other	0.897	0.409	0.912	0.816
Gender	0.739***	0.004	0.927	0.812
Age	1.008	0.147	1.022	0.162
Marital Status	1.288*	0.043	1.074	0.832
Children provide financial support	1.154	0.285	1.839	0.129
Constant term	0.363*	0.037	0.059**	0.042
Observation	1708		224

Notes: *** P <0.01, ** P <0.05, * P <0.1; The OR value represents the output in the form of a risk ratio.