Assessment of the Critical Care Work Environment of Intensive Care Unit Nurses in Saudi Arabia

Figures & data

Table 1 Summary of the Participants’ Demographic Characteristics and the Mean Overall HWEAT Score

Item		n (%)	Overall Mean (SD)	P value
Sex^1	Female	198 (83)	3.52 (0.93)	0.448
	Male	40 (17)	3.66 (1.07)
Age (years)^2	22–30	118 (50)	3.4 (1.08)	0.39
	31–40	104 (44)	3.68 (0.78)
	≥41	16 (6.7)	3.76 (0.88)
Qualification^2	Diploma	42 (18)	3.56 (0.96)	0.53
	Bachelor	190 (80)	3.53 (0.95)
	Postgraduate	6 (2.5)	4.04 (0.91)
Length of work experience (years)^2	0–5	83 (35)	3.47 (1.02)	0.82
	6–10	107 (45)	3.57 (0.90)
	>10	48 (20)	3.63 (0.96)
Typical work shift^2	Days	50 (21)	3.51 (1.04)	0.75
	Nights	34 (14)	3.35 (0.95)
	Alternate	154 (65)	3.6 (0.93)
Type of hospital^1	Public	106 (45)	3.19 (1.01)	<0.001
	Private	132 (55)	3.83 (0.80)

Note: ^amann–Whitney U-test. ^bKruskal–Wallis test.

Table 2 Mean Scores of the Healthy Work Environment Assessment Tool Variables

Variable	Items	Mean (SD)
Skilled Communication	“Maintains frequent communication”	3.68 (1.02)
	“Matches actions to words”	3.55 (1.03)
	“Observes zero tolerance for disrespect and abuse”	3.17 (1.20)
	Overall	3.47 (0.92)
True Collaboration	“Involves staff in decision-making”	3.59 (1.04)
	“Influences policies, procedures, and bureaucracy”	3.72 (1.06)
	“Seeks input for decision-making”	3.58 (1.05)
	Overall	3.63 (1.04)
Effective Decision-making	“Consistent use of a data-driven, logical decision-making process”	3.48 (1.03)
	“Involves the right departments, professions, and groups”	3.67 (1.00)
	“Considers the patient’s perspective is in important decisions”	3.67 (0.96)
	Overall	3.61 (0.95)
Appropriate Staffing	“Enough staff to maintain patient safety”	3.30 (1.23)
	“Right mix of nurses and other staff to ensure optimal outcomes”	3.48 (1.13)
	“Support service level allows nurses and staff to focus on care”	3.51 (1.20)
	Overall	3.43 (1.11)
Meaningful Recognition	“Formal recognition system makes staff feel valued”	3.45 (1.09)
	“Staff members let people know when they have done a good job”	3.52 (1.12)
	“Motivating opportunities for personal growth”	3.56 (1.16)
	Overall	3.51 (1.08)
Authentic Leadership	“Staff have a positive relationship with nurse leaders”	3.63 (1.16)
	“Nurse leaders understand the dynamics at point of care”	3.60 (1.12)
	“Nurse leaders play a role in making key decisions”	3.67 (1.16)
	Overall	3.63 (1.11)

Figure 1 Percentage distributions of the nurses among the HWEAT categorical thresholds for the HWE standards.