Health Impact of Household Waste Burning in Khartoum State, Sudan

Figures & data

Table 1 Characteristics of the Study Participants (n = 844)

Variable	Number	%	Variable	Number	%
Informed consent (n = 844)	844	100.0	Marital Status (n=833)
Age in years (n = 815)			Single	567	68.1
Median	23		Married	242	29.1
Min - Max	14–81		Widowed	14	1.7
14–24 years	450	55.3	Divorced	10	1.1
25–49 years	297	36.4	Education level (n=834)
≥50 years	68	8.3	University/postgraduate	750	89.9
Gender (n = 837)			Secondary	66	7.9
Male	342	40.9	Primary	15	1.8
Female	495	59.1	Khalwa (Quranic school)	3	0.4
Number of people living in the household (n = 811)			Ownership of house in which participants lived (n=837)
Median	6		Yours/family house	594	71.0
Min - Max	1–28		Rented	220	26.3
1–6 people	499	61.5	Other	23	2.7
7–15 people	300	37.0	Dorm	6
≥16 people	12	1.5	Governmental residence	5
			Not live in Sudan/not own a house	1

Figure 1 Geographical distribution of residence of study in Khartoum State.

Figure 2 Distribution of the opinions of the study participants towards burning household waste.

Table 2 Community Involvement in Collection and Financing of Household Waste

Variable	Number	%
Responsible of waste collection
Municipality and household	713	85.6
Municipality	97	11.6
I do not know	23	2.8
Total	833	100.0
Contribute financially for the waste collection
Payment to the municipality	506	65.7
Payment to private waste collectors	176	22.9
Others	88	11.4
Total	770	100.0
Payment to municipality in the last 6 months
No	373	47.4
Yes	414	52.6
Total	787	100.0
Request for increasing financial contributions
Willing to increase	323	40.3
No satisfied and decide stop contribution	190	23.7
Willingness maintain contribution at the same level	159	19.9
Willingness to stop and appeal for private waste collectors	129	16.1
Total	801	100.0

Figure 3 Status of household waste burning across six localities of Khartoum State.

Figure 4 Geographical distribution of the residence practicing burning of household in Khartoum State.

Table 3 Binary Logistic Regression Assessing the Burning Household Waste Based on Ten Explanatory Variables

Factor	B	S.E.	Wald	df	P	OR	95% CI for OR
							Lower	Upper
Gender	−0.258	0.192	1.796	1	0.180	0.773	0.530	1.126
Age	−0.020	0.012	2.831	1	0.092	0.981	0.959	1.003
Marital status	0.322	0.235	1.872	1	0.171	1.380	0.870	2.188
Education level	−0.092	0.232	0.158	1	0.691	0.912	0.579	1.436
Household size	0.026	0.030	0.756	1	0.385	1.027	0.967	1.090
Quantity of waste produced	−0.071	0.120	0.346	1	0.556	0.932	0.736	1.180
Place of waste disposal	−0.235	0.100	5.565	1	0.018	0.791	0.651	0.961
Person disposing waste	−0.128	0.108	1.392	1	0.238	0.880	0.711	1.088
Responsible of collection of waste	0.152	0.087	3.054	1	0.081	1.165	0.982	1.381
Frequency of waste collection	−0.328	0.100	10.870	1	0.001	0.720	0.593	0.875
Constant	2.981	1.168	6.513	1	0.011	19.703

Table 4 Number of Participants Who Reported the Practice of Burning Household Waste in Their Neighborhood and Estimated Population Exposed to the Risk of Burning Household Waste

Locality	Sample^a	Burning		% Practicing Burning^c	Population
		Yes^b	No		Exposed^d	Total^e
Omdurman	74	64	10	86.5	662,148	765,609
Jabal Awliya	10	8	2	80.0	1,125,004	1,406,254
Khartoum Bahri	248	189	59	76.2	692,328	908,452
Khartoum	471	344	127	73.0	697,043	954,382
Um Badda	27	19	8	70.4	1,037,609	1,474,497
Sharg En Nile	14	9	5	64.3	832,766	1,295,414
Six localities	844	633	211	74.6	5,046,899	6,804,608

Notes: ^aTotal number of participants per locality who address the question related to burning household waste. ^bNumber of participants who reported that household waste was burnt in their respective neighborhood. ^cPercentage practicing waste burning obtained as 2/1 x 100. ^dPopulation exposed to the risks related to burning household waste. It was obtained as 5 x 3/100. ^eTotal population of 2022 per locality obtained by projecting the 2008 census population of the concerned locality in using the formula Pop2008 x (1+2.9/100)¹⁴ where 2.9/100 was Sudan population growth rate and 14 was the number of years between 2008 and 2022.

Figure 5 Predictive risk map of burning household waste in the seven localities of Khartoum State.