Perceived Relationship Between Horizontal Violence and Patient Safety Culture Among Nurses

Figures & data

Table 1 Participants’ Demographics (N = 330)

	Frequency (n)	Percentage (%)
Age, mean (SD)	26.56 (8.51) Range: 23–49
Gender
Male	30	9.1
Female	300	90.9
Place of Work
Inpatient	154	46.7
Emergency department	59	17.9
Outpatient	36	10.9
Intensive Care	15	4.5
Others	66	20.0
Length of Time Working as a Registered Nurse
< 5 years	45	13.6
6–10 years	113	34.2
11–15 years	98	29.7
> 15 years	74	22.4
Length of Time Assigned in the Place of Work
< 1 year	14	4.2
1–5 years	135	40.9
6–10 years	82	24.8
> 10 years	99	30.0

Table 2 Nurses’ Perception of Patient Safety Culture (HSOPS) and Its Correlation with HV (N = 330)

Composites of HSOPS	Mean	SD
Teamwork	3.2	0.4
Staffing and Workplace	3.1	0.6
Organizational Learning- Continuous Improvement	3.0	0.5
Response to Error	2.9	0.5
Supervisor, Manager or Clinical Leader Support for Patient Safety	3.4	0.6
Communication About Error	4.1	0.9
Communication Openness	3.6	0.8
Reporting Patient Safety Events	3.9	1.0
Hospital Management Support for Patient Safety	3.6	0.7
Handoffs and Information Exchange	3.3	0.8
Overall Patient Safety Rating	3.5	1.1
Total HSOPS	3.5	1.1

Table 3 Nurses’ Perception of Negative Behaviors in Healthcare (NBHC) and Its Correlation with Patient Safety Culture (N = 330)

Dimension of NBHC	Mean	SD	Correlation Coefficient r	Sig
Contributing Factors	2.8	0.6	−0.291	0.000
Frequency of Aggression	2.1	1.1	−0.532	0.000
Seriousness of Aggression	2.5	0.9	−0.311	0.000
Fear of Retaliation	2.8	0.6	−0.078	0.156

Table 4 Inter-Correlations Matrix Between Dimensions of Patient Safety Culture and Horizontal Violence

NBHC HSOPS	Contributing Factors	Frequency of Aggression	Seriousness of Aggression	Fear of Retaliation
Teamwork	−0.153**	−0.238**	−0.144**	−0.109*
Staffing and Workplace	−0.140*	−0.244**	0.016	0.065
Organizational Learning Continuous Improvement	−0.193**	−0.222**	−0.235**	0.109
Response to Error	0.152**	0.249**	0.087	0.056
Supervisor, manager or Clinical Leader Support for Patient Safety	0.091	−0.404**	−0.123*	0.054
Communication About Error	−0.232**	−0.536**	−0.247**	0.049
Communication Openness	−0.55**	−0.461**	0.225**	0.081
Reporting Patient Safety Events	0.221**	−0.357**	−0.154**	0.104
Hospital Management Support for Patient Safety	−0.167**	−0.386**	−0.232**	0.072
Handoffs and Information Exchange	0.068	−0.369**	−0.118*	0.039

Notes: *p value significant at <0.05. **p value significant at <0.01.

Abbreviations: HSOPS, Hospital Survey on Patient Safety Culture; NBHC, Negative Behaviours in Healthcare.

Table 5 Regression Model of Factors Influencing the Perception of Horizontal Violence

Variables	Adjusted R Square	SE	R Square Change	Standardized Coefficient	Sig*	CI
				Bata
Age	0.067	29.5	0.092	0.018	0.604	2.25–4.87
Length of clinical Experience				0.033	0.510	1.81–2.36

Note: *Significant value was drawn from the coefficients table indicating that the two models were statistically significant (Sig<0.05) in F change and ANOVA results.

Abbreviations: SE, Standard Error; CI, Confidence Interval.

Data Sharing Statement

The data that support the findings of this study are available on request from the corresponding author. The data are not publicly available due to privacy or ethical restrictions.