The Critical Role of Leadership in Patient Safety Culture: A Mediation Analysis of Management Influence on Safety Factors

Figures & data

Table 1 Demographic of Participants (n = 1037)

Demographic Variable	Frequency	Percentage
Gender
Male	205	19.8
Female	832	80.2
Age
21–30 years old	433	41.7
31–40 years old	336	32.4
41–50 years old	190	18.3
51–60 years old	67	6.5
Over 61 years old	11	1.1
Supervisor/Manager
Yes	115	11.1
No	922	88.9
Job position
Physician	233	22.5
Nurse	804	77.5
Education
Senior High School	5	0.5
College/University	870	83.9
Master’s Degree	162	15.6
Working experience in the hospital
Less than 1 year	127	14.1
1 to 2 years	186	20.5
3 to 4 years	143	14.0
5 to 10 years	219	22.8
11–20 years	281	23.5
21 years and above	81	5.1

Figure 1 Proposed framework in the current study.

Table 2 Results of Confirmatory Factor Analysis

Dimension	Mean	SD	α	CR	AVE	Item	Factor Loading
Perceptions of Management	3.975	0.778	0.844	0.90	0.75	pm1	0.842
						pm2	0.790
						pm4	0.860
Teamwork Climate	4.079	0.737	0.908	0.93	0.73	tc1	0.772
						tc3	0.824
						tc4	0.870
						tc5	0.834
						tc6	0.809
Job Satisfaction	3.868	0.850	0.948	0.95	0.81	js1	0.804
						js2	0.892
						js3	0.923
						js4	0.944
						js5	0.878
Stress Recognition	3.865	0.877	0.884	0.88	0.65	sr1	0.755
						sr2	0.807
						sr3	0.806
						sr4	0.858
Working Conditions	3.920	0.761	0.909	0.93	0.78	wc1	0.825
						wc2	0.823
						wc3	0.871
						wc4	0.892
Emotional Exhaustion	2.733	0.865	0.924	0.90	0.60	ee1	0.723
						ee2	0.813
						ee3	0.773
						ee5	0.861
						ee6	0.811
						ee7	0.849
Safety Climate	4.036	0.720	0.923	0.94	0.74	sc1	0.829
						sc2	0.825
						sc3	0.849
						sc4	0.835
						sc6	0.806
						sc7	0.760

Figure 2 Resulting model from the analysis.

Notes: **p<0.01; *p<0.05; solid arrow: direct effect; dotted arrow: mediating effect.

Table 3 Direct and Indirect Effects Among Safety-Related Dimensions

Dimension	Perceptions of Management	Teamwork Climate	Job Satisfaction	Stress Recognition	Working Conditions	Emotional Exhaustion
Safety Climate
Direct	−0.068 (n.s.)	0.705**	0.074 (n.s.)	0.030*	0.300**	0.006 (n.s.)
Indirect	0.914**	–	–	–	–	–
Total	0.914**	0.705**	0.074 (n.s.)	0.030*	0.300**	0.006 (n.s.)
Teamwork Climate
Direct	0.901**	–	–	–	–	–
Total	0.901**	–	–	–	–	–
Job Satisfaction
Direct	0.898**	–	–	–	–	–
Total	0.898**	–	–	–	–	–
Stress Recognition
Direct	0.132**	–	–	–	–	–
Total	0.132**	–	–	–	–	–
Working Conditions
Direct	0.933**	–	–	–	–	–
Total	0.933**	–	–	–	–	–
Emotional Exhaustion
Direct	−0.641**	–	–	–	–	–
Total	−0.641**	–	–	–	–	–

Notes: **p<0.01; *p<0.05

Abbreviation: n.s., not significant.