Prevalence of Paternal Prenatal Depression and Its Associated Factors in Saudi Arabia

Figures & data

Table 1 Demographic Characteristics

	Frequency (%)		Frequency (%)
Father’s age (Years): median [IQR]	35 [32–40]	Marital status
Mother’s age (Years): median [IQR]	30 [27–35]	Living together	437 (98.9)
Trimester		Separated	5 (1.1)
1st trimester	17 (3.8)	Number of wives
2nd trimester	117 (26.5)	1	419 (94.8)
3rd trimester	308 (69.7)	>1	23 (5.2)
Father’s formal education (yes)	432 (97.7)	Number of children
Wife’s Formal education (yes)	436 (98.6)	0	105 (23.8)
Level of education		1–3	258 (58.4)
Any school education	107 (24.2)	4 or more	79 (17.9)
University or higher	335 (75.8)	Family history of depression (yes)	29 (6.6)
Level of education (wife)		Smoking (yes)	138 (31.2)
Any school education	109 (24.7)	Diabetes (yes)	33 (7.5)
University or higher	333 (75.3)	Hypertension (yes)	31 (7.0)
Maternal depression (yes)	70 (15.8)	Good marital relationship (yes)	436 (98.6)
Wife’s family member giving support at home (yes)	78 (17.6)	Good relationship with parents (yes)	435 (98.4)
Wife staying at her mother’s house for support during pregnancy (yes)	170 (38.5)	Spending more time at work to disconnect from home (yes)	44 (10.0)
Planned pregnancy (yes)	275 (62.2)	Feeling isolated (yes)	51 (11.5)
IVF treatment for conceiving current pregnancy (yes)	10 (2.3)	Social support from friends (yes)	375 (84.8)
Maternal complications in the current pregnancy (yes)	83 (18.8)	Social support from family (yes)	418 (94.6)
Maternal complications in past pregnancies (yes)	84 (19.0)	Attending antenatal checkups with wife (yes)	353 (79.9)
Current fetal disease (Congenital/syndrome)	4 (0.9)	Planning to attend delivery (yes)	305 (69)
Previous child disease (yes)	28 (6.3)	Risk of miscarriage in the current pregnancy (yes)	22 (5)
Expected fetus gender		Previous miscarriage (yes)	131 (29.6)
Male	179 (40.3)	Previous child death (yes)	76 (17.2)
Female	136 (30.8)	Delivery plan
I do not know	128 (29.0)	Vaginal delivery	283 (64.0)
Kind of job commitment		Cesarean	43 (9.7)
Fulltime	377 (85.3)	I do not know	116 (26.2)
Part time	43 (9.7)	Type of job
No job	22 (5.0)	Governmental	370 (83.7)
Wife’s occupation		Private	50 (11.3)
Employed	110 (24.9)	No job	22 (5.0)
Student	31 (7.0)	Family monthly income
Housewife	301 (68.1)	<5000 SAR	71 (16.1)
Depression		5000–8999 SAR	119 (26.9)
Yes	119 (26.9)	9000–14,999 SAR	141 (31.9)
No	323 (73.1)	≥15,000 SAR	111 (25.1)
		Home ownership (yes)	191 (43.2)

Abbreviations: IQR, Inter Quartile Range; IVF, In-Vitro Fertilization; SAR, Saudi Arabian Riyals.

Table 2 Association Between Depression and Individual Characteristics

	Depressed N (%)	Undepressed N (%)	P-value	Odds Ratio [95% CI]
Father’s age (mean rank)	219.39	222.28	0.833**	–
Mother’s age (mean rank)	225.8	219.92	0.667**	–
Formal education (Yes)	115 (26.6)	317 (73.4)	0.346	0.544 [0.151, 1.963]
Number of children
0	28 (26.7)	77 (73.3)	0.152	1.688 [0.821, 3.474]
1–3	77 (29.8)	181 (70.2)	0.034	1.975 [1.046, 3.731]
4 or more	14 (17.7)	65 (82.3)	Ref	–
Family history of depression	12 (41.4)	17 (58.6)	0.069	2.019 [0.934, 4.365]
Smoking (Yes)	49 (35.5)	89 (64.5)	0.006	1.840 [1.186, 2.855]
Hypertension	12 (38.7)	19 (61.3)	0.125	1.794 [0.843, 3.820]
Diabetes	9 (27.3)	24 (72.7)	0.962	1.019 [0.460, 2.261]
Marital status
Living together	114 (26.1)	323 (73.9)	0.001*	–
Living separately	5 (100.0)	0 (0.0)
Number of wives
1	113 (27)	306 (73.0)	0.926	1.046 [0.402, 2.720]
>1	6 (26.1)	17 (73.9)	Ref	–
Good relationship with parents	114 (26.2)	321 (73.8)	0.007	0.142 [0.027, 0.742]
Social support from family	102 (24.4)	316 (75.6)	0.000	0.133 [0.054, 0.330]
Social support from friends	82 (21.9)	293 (78.1)	0.000	0.227 [0.132, 0.389]
Father educational level
Any school education	36 (33.6)	71 (66.4)	0.072	1.539 [0.961, 2.467]
University or higher	83 (24.8)	252 (75.2)	Ref	–
Kind of job commitment
Fulltime	102 (27.1)	275 (72.9)	0.342	0.649 [0.264, 1.593]
Part time	9 (20.9)	34 (79.1)	0.180	0.463 [0.148, 1.445]
No job	8 (36.4)	14 (63.6)	Ref	–
Type of job
Governmental	98 (26.5)	272 (73.5)	0.311	0.631 [0.257, 1.549]
Private	13 (26.0)	37 (74.0)	0.373	0.615 [0.21, 1.8]
No job	8 (36.4)	14 (63.6)	Ref	–
Family monthly income
<5000 SAR	20 (28.2)	51 (71.8)	0.563	1.22 [0.621, 2.396]
5000–8999 SAR	38 (31.9)	81 (68.1)	0.2	1.46 [0.817, 2.607]
9000–14,999 SAR	34 (24.1)	107 (75.9)	0.969	0.989 [0.553, 1.766]
≥15,000 SAR	27 (24.3)	84 (75.7)	Ref	–

Notes: *By Fisher’s exact test. **By Mann–Whitney U-test.

Abbreviation: SAR, Saudi Arabian Riyals.

Table 3 Association Between Depression and Marital Relationship Factors

	Depressed N (%)	Undepressed N (%)	P-value	Odds Ratio [95% CI]
Feeling that wife is depressed (yes)	39 (55.7%)	31 (44.3)	0.000	4.592 [2.696,7.821]
Wife staying at her mother’s house for support during pregnancy (yes)	57 (33.5%)	113 (66.5)	0.013	1.709 [1.116,2.616]
Wife’s family member giving support at home (yes)	23 (29.5%)	55 (70.5)	0.527	1.167 [0.681,2.003]
Good marital relationship (yes)	113 (25.9%)	323 (74.1)	0.000*	–
No	6 (100)	0 (0)
Spending more time at work to disconnect from home and family (yes)	27 (61.4%)	17 (38.6)	0.000	5.283 [2.758,10.12]
Feeling isolated and disconnected from partner (yes)	31 (60.8%)	20 (39.2)	0.000	5.337 [2.899,9.824]
Wife’s formal school education (yes)	116 (26.6%)	320 (73.4)	0.350*	0.363 [0.072,1.821]
Planned pregnancy (yes)	69 (25.1%)	206 (74.9)	0.265	0.784 [0.510, 1.204]
IVF treatment for conceiving the current pregnancy (yes)	3 (30.0%)	7 (70.0)	0.824	1.167 [0.297, 4.591]
Attending antenatal visits with wife (yes)	89 (25.2%)	264 (74.8)	0.106	0.663 [0.402,1.094]
Planning to attend delivery (yes)	79 (25.9%)	226 (74.1)	0.470	0.848 [0.541,1.328]
Previous child death (yes)	22 (28.9%)	54 (71.1)	0.662	1.130 [0.654,1.953]
Previous miscarriage (yes)	36 (27.5%)	95 (72.5)	0.864	1.041 [0.658,1.647]
Currently employment (yes)	111 (26.4%)	309 (73.6)	0.306	0.629 [0.257,1.539]
Home ownership (yes)	42 (22.0%)	149 (78.0)	0.041	0.637 [0.412,0.984]
Risk of miscarriage in current pregnancy (yes)	8 (36.4%)	14 (63.6)	0.306	1.591 [0.650,3.894]
Trimester
1st trimester	9 (52.9%)	8 (47.1)	Ref	–
2nd trimester	26 (22.2%)	91 (77.8)	0.007	0.254 [0.089,0.724]
3rd trimester	84 (27.3%)	224 (72.7)	0.023	0.333 [0.125,0.892]
Maternal complications in the current pregnancy (No)	95 (26.5%)	264 (73.5)	0.650	0.885 [0.521,1.502]
Maternal complications in past pregnancies (No)	90 (25.1%)	268 (74.9)	0.081	0.637 [0.383,1.060]
Congenital anomaly or syndrome in the current pregnancy (No)	118 (26.9%)	320 (73.1)	1.000*	1.106 [0.114,10.74]
Wife’s occupation
Employed	38 (34.5%)	72 (65.5)	0.073	1.535 [0.959,2.458]
Student	4 (12.9%)	27 (87.1)	0.118	0.431 [0.146,1.27]
Housewife	77 (25.6%)	224 (74.4)	Ref	–
Delivery plan
Vaginal delivery	65 (23.0%)	218 (77.0)	Ref	–
Cesarean	15 (34.9%)	28 (65.1)	0.091	1.797 [0.905,3.566]
I do not know	39 (33.6%)	77 (66.4)	0.028	1.699 [1.057,2.73]
Previous child disease (yes)	6 (21.4%)	22 (78.6)	0.498	0.726 [0.287,1.838]
Level of education (wife)
Any school education	36 (33.0%)	73 (67.0)	0.098	1.485 [0.928,2.377]
University or higher education	83 (24.9%)	250 (75.1)	Ref	–
Expected fetus gender
Male	47 (26.4%)	131 (73.6)	0.527	0.85 [0.513,1.41]
Female	34 (25.0%)	102 (75.0)	0.393	0.789 [0.459,1.358]
I do not know	38 (29.7%)	90 (70.3)	Ref	–

Note: *By Fisher’s exact test.

Abbreviation: IVF, In-Vitro Fertilization.

Table 4 Logistic Regression for Paternal Prenatal Depression and Significant Factors

	*Adjusted OR	95% CI	p-value
Smoking	1.879	1.117–3.161	0.017
Social support from friends	0.421	0.211–0.841	0.014
Wife looks depressed	2.46	1.269–4.769	0.008
Spending more time at work to disconnect from Home and family (yes)	3.315	1.481–7.42	0.004
Feeling isolated and disconnected from partner (yes)	2.568	1.14–5.788	0.023
Second trimester /1st	0.234	0.063–0.864	0.029
Wife any school education / higher	2.518	1.355–4.68	0.004

Notes: *Model adjusted for family history of depression, good relation with parents, social support from family, wife went to her parents’ house for rest during pregnancy, good relation with wife, home ownership, level of education, no. of children, delivery plan, trimester, previous maternal complications, social status, wife’s occupation.

Abbreviations: OR, Odds Ratio; CI, Confidence Interval.