Effect of Regular Aerobic Exercise on Cognitive Function, Depression Level and Regulative Role of Neurotrophic Factor: A Prospective Cohort Study in the Young and the Middle-Aged Sample

Figures & data

Table 1 Between-Group Comparison of Cognitive Function and Depression Level ()

Items	Study Group (n=80)	Control Group (n=80)	t	p
IM	68.60±17.50	56.21±15.55	4.73	0.000
VA	84.01±18.90	78.98±19.56	1.66	0.100
L	80.60±12.52	76.23±9.88	2.45	0.015
A	82.38±17.60	74.26±12.62	3.17	0.002
DM	68.73±21.47	65.09±18.28	4.01	0.000
RBANS	384.31±69.36	341.76±50.36	4.44	0.000
PHQ-9	12.74±4.25	14.31±4.40	–2.41	0.017

Notes: IM, immediate memory; VA, visuospatial abilities; L, language; A, attention; DM, delayed memory; RBANS, Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status; PHQ-9, Patient Health Questionnaire-9.

Table 2 Comparison of Neurotrophic Growth Factor Between Study Group and Control Group ()

ITEMS	Study Group (n=80)	Control Group (n=80)	t	p
BDNF	2323.38±170.95	2257.58±164.27	2.48	0.014
GDNF	4141.18±220.20	4045.99±312.49	2.23	0.027

Abbreviations: BDNF, brain-derived neurotrophic factor; GDNF, glial cell-line-derived neurotrophic factor.

Table 3 Pearson’s Correlation of Cognitive Function, Depressive Level and Neurotrophic Growth Factor in Study Group(r)

Items	IM	VA	L	A	DM	RBANS	PHQ-9
BDNF	0.438**	0.606**	0.554**	0.552**	0.478**	0.774**	–0.233*
GDNF	0.459**	0.561**	0.576**	0.493**	0.476**	0.689**	–0.329**

Notes: *is p<0.05, **is p<0.01.

Abbreviations: IM, immediate memory; VA, visuospatial abilities; L, language; A, attention; DM, delayed memory; BDNF, brain-derived neurotrophic factor; GDNF, glial cell-line-derived neurotrophic factor.

Table 4 Multiple Regression Analysis of Cognitive Function, Depression Level and Nerve Growth Factor in Study Group

Dependent Variable	Independent Variable	Regression Coefficient	Standard Error	t	p	R^2
RBANS	BDNF	0.235	0.048	4.88	0.000	0.599
	GDNF	0.005	0.037	0.146	0.884
PHQ-9	BDNF	0.007	0.006	1.16	0.095	0.123
	GDNF	–0.011	0.004	–2.46	0.016

Abbreviations: RBANS, Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status; PHQ-9, Patient Health Questionnaire-9; BDNF, brain-derived neurotrophic factor; GDNF, glial cell-line-derived neurotrophic factor IM, immediate memory; VA, visuospatial abilities; L, language; A, attention; DM, delayed memory; RBANS, Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status; PHQ-9, patient health questionnaire-9; ELISA, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; BDNF, brain-derived neurotrophic factor; GDNF, glial cell-line-derived neurotrophic factor.