Newborn care practices in rural Bangladesh

Figures & data

Table 1 Sociodemographic characteristics of the respondents

Characteristics	Number	%
Age (years)
<20	58	11.4
20–34	425	83.3
>35	27	5.3
Mean (SD)	24.85 (4.95)
Median (range)	25.00 (15–43)
Religion
Islam	455	89.2
Hinduism	55	10.8
Women’s education
No education	70	13.7
1–5 years	160	31.4
≥6 years	280	54.9
Women’s occupation
Housewife	488	95.7
Others	22	4.3
Husbands’ education
No education	163	32.0
1–5 years	144	28.2
≥6 years	203	39.8
Husbands’ occupation
Farmers/agricultural works	335	65.7
Jobs including professionals	54	10.6
Day laborers/rickshaw pullers	121	23.7
Monthly family income (BDT)
<5,000	215	42.1
5,001–10,000	214	42.0
>10,000	81	15.9
Mean (SD)	8,318 (8,904)
Median (range)	6,000 (1,000–90,000)

Abbreviations: SD, standard deviation; BDT, Bangladeshi Taka (1 USD = 78 BDT).

Table 2 Essential newborn care practices in rural Bangladesh

Newborn care practices	Number	%	95% CI
Dried immediately after birth	459	90.0	87.06–92.46
Wrapped after birth	473	92.7	90.09–94.80
Gave colostrums	485	95.1	92.85–96.81
Baby bathed within
6 hours	118	23.1	19.15–27.71
6–24 hours	135	26.5	22.19–31.33
2–3 days	110	21.6	17.73–26.00
After 3 days	147	28.8	24.90–32.94
Nothing applied to umbilical cord	224	43.9	39.53–48.34
Put to breast within
30 minutes	204	40.0	35.72–44.40
30 minutes to 1 day	252	49.4	43.50–55.90
After 1 day	54	10.6	7.95–13.82
Did not give prelacteal	326	63.9	59.56–68.08

Abbreviation: CI, confidence interval.

Figure 1 Materials used on umbilical cord stump in newborn in rural Bangladesh.

Figure 2 Substances used as prelacteals for the newborn in rural Bangladesh.

Table 3 Association of neonatal care practices with sociodemographic and other characteristics

Characteristics	Total number of women (%)	Bathed within 3 days		Applied something to cord		Breastfed after 30 minutes		Gave prelacteals
		Number of women	Crude OR (95% CI)	Number of women	Crude OR (95% CI)	Number of women	Crude OR (95% CI)	Number of women	Crude OR (95% CI)
Age (years)
<20	58 (11.37)	38	0.72 (0.39–1.35)	35	1.26 (0.69–2.29)	41	1.75 (0.93–3.33)*	27	1.68 (0.93–3.02)*
21–34	425 (83.33)	308	1.00	231	1.00	246	1.00	145	1.00
≥35	27 (5.29)	17	0.65 (0.27–1.57)	17	1.41 (0.59–3.39)	19	1.73 (0.70–4.41)	11	1.32 (0.56–3.11)
Religion
Islam	455 (89.22)	332	2.09 (1.14–3.84)^§	255	1.25 (0.69–2.27)	279	1.64 (0.90–2.99)*	159	0.70 (0.38–1.27)
Hinduism	55 (10.78)	31	1.00	28	1.00	27	1.00	24	1.00
Number of living children
0 or 1	182 (35.69)	121	0.66 (0.41–1.08)*	91	0.75 (0.48–1.17)	108	0.91 (0.58–1.42)	64	0.74 (0.47–1.16)
2	156 (30.59)	113	0.88 (0.52–1.48)	93	1.11 (0.69–1.76)	92	0.90 (0.56–1.43)	46	0.57 (0.35–0.93)^$
≥3	172 (33.72)	129	1.00	99	1.00	106	1.00	73	1.00
Womens’ education
No education	70 (13.73)	47	0.80 (0.44–1.47)	39	1.07 (0.61–1.87)	43	1.02 (0.57–1.80)	36	2.39 (1.36–4.21)^§
1–5 years	160 (31.37)	115	1.00 (0.64–1.58)	93	1.21 (0.80–1.84)	92	0.86 (0.57–1.31)	61	1.40 (0.91–2.16)*
≥6 years	280 (54.9)	201	1.00	151	1.00	171	1.00	86	1.00
Husband’s education
No education	163 (31.96)	112	0.99 (0.62–1.58)	100	1.46 (0.93–2.27)*	104	1.38 (0.88–2.15)	68	1.30 (0.83–2.03)
1–5 years	144 (28.24)	111	1.51 (0.90–2.54)*	76	0.99 (0.63–1.56)	88	1.23 (0.78–1.94)	43	0.78 (0.48–1.27)
≥6 years	203 (39.80)	140	1.00	107	1.00	114	1.00	72	1.00
Women’s occupation
Housewife	488 (95.69)	348	1.16 (0.42–3.11)	270	0.87 (0.34–2.22)	291	0.69 (0.25–1.84)	178	1.96 (0.67–6.18)
Others	22 (4.31)	15	1.00	13	1.00	15	1.00	5	1.00
Monthly family income (BDT)
≤5,000	215 (42.16)	149	1.07 (0.59–1.91)	114	0.77 (0.44–1.34)	130	1.16 (0.67–2.02)	88	1.39 (0.78–2.46)
5,001–10,000	214 (41.96)	159	1.37 (0.75–2.48)	121	0.87 (0.50–1.51)	130	1.18 (0.68–2.04)	68	0.94 (0.53–1.68)
>10,000	81 (15.88)	55	1.00	48	1.00	46	1.00	27	1.00
Delivery by
Skilled person	32 (6.27)	22	1.00	18	1.00	21	1.00	10	1.00
Unskilled person	478 (93.73)	341	1.13 (0.49–2.59)	265	0.91 (0.41–2.00)	285	0.77 (0.34–1.73)	173	1.25 (0.55–2.91)
Problem during delivery
Yes	116 (22.75)	84	1.08 (0.67–1.76)	63	0.92 (0.60–1.43)	76	1.35 (0.86–2.14)	51	1.58 (1.01–2.47)^$
No	394 (77.25)	279	1.00	220	1.00	230	1.00	132	1.00
Problem during postpartum period
Yes	117 (22.94)	89	1.38 (0.84–2.29)	63	0.90 (0.58–1.39)	71	1.04 (0.67–1.62)	50	1.45 (0.93–2.26)*
No	393 (77.06)	274	1.00	220	1.00	235	1.00	133	1.0

Notes:

* P≤0.10

$ P≤0.05.

§ P≤0.01.

Abbreviations: OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; BDT, Bangladeshi Taka (1 USD ≈ 78 BDT).

Table 4 Determinants of neonatal care practices: multivariable logistic regression analysis

Characteristics	Reference category	Adjusted OR (95% CI)	P-value
Dependent variable: bathed within 3 days
Religion: Islam	Hinduism	2.01 (1.13–3.59)	0.018
Dependent variable: breastfed after 30 minutes
Religion: Islam	Hinduism	1.45 (1.18–1.78)	<0.001
Dependent variable: gave prelacteals
Women’s age (years)
<20	21–34	2.26 (1.19–4.28)	0.013
≥35		0.80 (0.34–1.87)	0.600
Women’s education
No education	≥6 years	2.64 (1.46–4.77)	0.001
1–5 years		1.50 (0.97–2.33)	0.063

Abbreviations: OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval.