Neonatal pressure ulcers: prevention and treatment

Figures & data

Table 1 PubMed search strategy

Search	Query
#1	(((skin [Title/Abstract] AND breakdown [Title/Abstract]) OR (ulcer*[Title/Abstract] OR wound*[Title/Abstract] OR erythema [Title/Abstract] OR sore*[Title/Abstract] OR injur*[Title/Abstract]) AND (pressure [MeSH Terms] OR pressure [Title/Abstract] OR decubit*[Title/Abstract])) OR (pressure ulcer [MeSH Terms] OR bedsore*[Title/Abstract]))
#2	((prevention*[Title/Abstract] OR precaution*[Title/Abstract] OR prophyl*[Title/Abstract] OR “prevention and control” [MeSH Subheading]) OR ((reduc*[Title/Abstract] OR decreas*[Title/Abstract] OR diminution*[Title/Abstract] OR less*[Title/Abstract]) AND (incidence [MeSH Terms] OR incidence*[Title/Abstract] OR frequency [Title/Abstract] OR rate [Title/Abstract] OR occurrence [Title/Abstract])))
#3	(treatment*[Title/Abstract] OR intervention*[Title/Abstract] OR cure*[Title/Abstract] OR “cicatrization” OR (healing*[Title/Abstract] OR decreas*[Title/Abstract] OR diminution*[Title/Abstract] OR less*[Title/Abstract]))
#4	(child [MeSH Terms] OR child*[Title/Abstract] OR “child, preschool” [MeSH Terms] OR infant [MeSH Terms] OR infant*[Title/Abstract] OR “infant, newborn” [MeSH Terms] OR neonate*[Title/Abstract] OR kid*[Title/Abstract] OR newborn*[Title/Abstract] OR baby [Title/Abstract] OR babies [Title/Abstract] OR teenager*[Title/Abstract] OR adolescent [MeSH Terms] OR adolescen*[Title/Abstract] OR pediatric*[Title/Abstract] OR neonatal [Title/Abstract])
#5	#1 AND #2 AND #3 AND #4

Table 2 PU preventive interventions for therapheutic clinical devices.

Therapeutic devices	Interventions
NIMV: interface use.	Remove the treatment when possibly.^Citation26 Apply dressing or gel device that redistributes pressure.^Citation18,Citation59,Citation65,Citation75 Leave a half-hour break between 4 to 6 hours of treatment.^Citation76 Alternate nasal prongs with nasal mask.^Citation21,Citation59,Citation77
Endotracheal tube	Do not attach with adhesive tape directly to the NB skin. Use adding devices in bridging form.^Citation45
Drains and colostomies, ileostomy, nephrostomy	Change the pressure points of devices.^Citation62,Citation78
Venous catheters	Apply dressings between skin and device.^Citation3
Nasogastric tube, urinary catheter	Mobilize the catheter and nasogastric tube at list once a day.^Citation78
Ostomy (gastro, trachea)	Mobilize the gastric device to avoid pressure at the same points. Resizing the gastrostomy device when there is a clearance.^Citation62,Citation79

Abbreviations: PU, pressure ulcer; NIMV, noninvasive mechanical ventilation; NB, newborn.

Table 3 PU preventive interventions for diagnostic clinical devices.

Diagnostical devices	Interventions
Pulse oximetry sensor	Change the site sensor frequently (from 2 to 4 hours depending on risk).^Citation42,Citation78
	Do not hold the sensor with flexible tape.^Citation42,Citation80
	Do not force the tape over the sensor.^Citation42,Citation80
Capnography sensor	Change location every 4 hours and monitor the sensor temperature.^Citation23,Citation78
Electrocardiogram electrode	Place on the back when the patient is prone.^Citation76
Temperature sensors	Change position every 3 or 4 hours.^Citation78

Abbreviation: PU, pressure ulcer.

Figure 1 Reactive special surface for pressure management.

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