Association between PSA and age in Macuxi ethnic population of the Brazilian Amazon forest region

Figures & data

Table 1 Adjustment of PSA for age in 110 Brazilian Macuxis Indians and estimated prostate cancer risk

Age (years)	Number of men involved	Medium value of PSA	Maximum value of PSA	Prostate cancer risk (%)	Prostate cancer risk Gleason >7 (%)
40–49	31	0.7	2.5	10.1	1.0
50–59	34	1.0	3.5	10.1	1.0
60–69	27	1.4	4.5	17	2.0
70–79	10	2.0	6.5	17	2.0

Abbreviation: PSA, prostate-specific antigen.

Table 2 Median and maximum values of fPSA/tPSA in different age groups

Age (years)	Number of men involved	fPSA/tPSA (%)	Prostate cancer probability (%)
40–49	31	14.16	>28
50–59	34	13.14	>28
60–69	27	13.73	>28
70–79	10	15.63	<28

Abbreviations: fPSA, free prostate-specific antigen; tPSA, total prostate-specific antigen.

Figure 1 The box plot of data shows the correlation between the age group and the tPSA values (p-value <0.05 in all the 4 groups).

Abbreviation: tPSA, total prostate-specific antigen.

Table 3 Pearson correlation between tPSA after subgrouping patients according to age

	Pearson correlation parameters	tPSA1	tPSA2	tPSA3	tPSA4
tPSA1	Pearson correlation	1	0.038	0.104	−0.363
	Sig (2-tailed)		0.851	0.583	0.273
	N	30	27	30	11
tPSA2	Pearson correlation	0.038	1	−0.255	0.493
	Sig (2-tailed)	0.851		0.200	0.124
	N	27	27	27	11
tPSA3	Pearson correlation	0.104	−0.255	1	−0.082
	Sig (2-tailed)	0.583	0.200		0.811
	N	30	27	33	11
tPSA4	Pearson correlation	−0.363	0.493	−0.082	1
	Sig (2-tailed)	0.273	0.124	0.811
	N	11	11	11	11

Note: Age groups 40–49, 50–59, 60–69, and 70–79 years are depicted as 1, 2, 3, and 4, respectively.

Abbreviations: tPSA, total prostate-specific antigen; Sig, significant.

Figure 2 Box plot of fPSA vs age.

Abbreviation: fPSA, free prostate-specific antigen.

Figure 3 Box plot of fPSA/tPSA vs age.

Abbreviation: fPSA/tPSA, ratio of free prostate-specific antigen to total prostate-specific antigen.

Table 4 Pearson correlation between fPSA/tPSA (%) after subgrouping based on age

	Pearson correlation parameters	Relation 1	Relation 2	Relation 3	Relation 4
Relation 1	Pearson correlation	1	0.141	−0.045	0.584
	Sig (2-tailed)		0.482	0.815	0.059
	N	30	27	30	11
Relation 2	Pearson correlation	0.141	1	−0.176	−0.128
	Sig (2-tailed)	0.482		0.381	0.707
	N	27	27	27	11
Relation 3	Pearson correlation	−0.045	−0.176	1	0.747
	Sig (2-tailed)	0.815	0.381		0.008
	N	30	27	33	11
Relation 4	Pearson correlation	0.584	−0.128	0.747	1
	Sig (2-tailed)	0.059	0.707	0.008
	N	11	11	11	11

Notes: Age groups 40–49, 50–59, 60–69, and 70–79 years are depicted as 1, 2, 3, and 4, respectively. Bold numbers depict significance.

Abbreviations: fPSA/tPSA, ratio of free prostate-specific antigen to total prostate-specific antigen; Sig, significant.

Table 5 Pearson correlation between all ages and tPSA

	Pearson orrelation parameters	Age	tPSA
Age	Pearson correlation	1	0.239
	Sig. (2-tailed)		0.016
	N	101	101
tPSA	Pearson correlation	0.239	1
	Sig. (2-tailed)	0.016
	N	101	101

Note: Bold numbers depict significance.

Abbreviations: tPSA, total prostate-specific antigen; Sig, significant.

Table 6 Pearson correlation between all ages and fPSA/tPSA

	Pearson correlation parameters	Age	tPSA
Age	Pearson correlation	1	0.085
	Sig. (2-tailed)		0.398
	N	101	101
tPSA	Pearson correlation	0.085	1
	Sig. (2-tailed)	0.398
	N	101	101

Abbreviations: fPSA/tPSA, ratio of free prostate-specific antigen to total prostate-specific antigen; Sig, significant.

Table 7 Spearman correlation between all ages and tPSA

Spearman correlation coefficient	Age	tPSA
Age correlation coefficient	1	0.226
Sig. (2-tailed)		0.023
N	101	101
tPSA correlation coefficient	0.226	1
Sig. (2-tailed)	0.023
N	101	101

Note: Bold numbers depict significance.

Abbreviations: tPSA, total prostate-specific antigen; Sig, significant.

Table 8 Spearman correlation between all ages and tPSA

Spearman correlation coefficient	Age	tPSA
Age correlation coefficient	1	0.249
Sig. (2-tailed)		0.014
N	98	98
fPSA correlation coefficient	0.249	1
Sig. (2-tailed)	0.014
N	98	98

Note: Bold numbers depict significance.

Abbreviations: fPSA, free prostate-specific antigen; Sig, significant.

Table 9 Spearman correlation between all ages and tPSA

Spearman correlation coefficient	Age	tPSA
Age correlation coefficient	1	0.070
Sig. (2-tailed)		0.485
N	101	101
Relation correlation coefficient	0.070	1
Sig. (2-tailed)	0.485
N	98	98

Abbreviations: tPSA, total prostate-specific antigen; Sig, significant.

Table 10 Values of tPSA and fPSA/tPSA (%) in different demographic populations

Population	Age range (years)	tPSA (median)	fPSA/tPSA (%)	tPSA (ng/mL), mean±SD	fPSA/tPSA (ng/mL), mean±SD	Reference
Korean	40–49	0.65	–	0.85±0.69	–	51
Korean	50–59	0.72	–	0.98±0.86	–	51
Korean	60–69	0.89	–	1.27±1.23	–	51
Korean	70–79	1.09	–	1.63±1.60	–	51
Korean	40–49	0.8	–	–	–	56
Korean	50–59	0.9	–	–	–	56
Korean	60–69	1.0	–	–	–	56
Korean	70–79	1.3	–	–	–	56
Chinese	40–49	0.54	–	–	–	50
Chinese	50–59	0.82	–	–	–	50
Chinese	60–69	0.93	–	–	–	50
Chinese	≥70	1.17	–	–	–	50
Chinese	40–49	–	–	–	–	58
Chinese	50–59	7.3	–	–	–	58
Chinese	60–69	8.4	–	–	–	58
Chinese	70–79	8.5	–	–	–	58
Japanese	40–49	0.6	–	–	–	53
Japanese	50–59	0.7	–	–	–	53
Japanese	60–69	0.9	–	–	–	53
Japanese	70–79	1.4	–	–	–	53
Singaporean	40–49	0.74	0.28	–	–	48
Singaporean	50–59	0.86	0.29	–	–	48
Singaporean	60–69	1.36	0.26	–	–	48
Singaporean	70–79	1.68	0.29	–	–	48
Other Asian	40–49	–	–	0.85±0.57	–	45
Other Asian	50–59	–	–	1.3±1.6	–	45
Other Asian	60–69	–	–	1.8±1.9	–	45
Other Asian	70–79	–	–	2.3±2.3	–	45
Brazilian Indian	40–50a	0.66	14.16	0.91±0.83	14.9±6.19	Current study
Brazilian Indian	50–60a	0.60	13.14	1.07±1.48	15.4±7.09	Current study
Brazilian Indian	60–70a	0.77	13.73	2.26±4.02	16.6±11.08	Current study
Brazilian Indian	70–80a	1.29	15.63	2.61±2.95	16.5±6.5	Current study
Latino	40–49a	–	–	0.73±0.71		45
Latino	49–59a	–	–	1.3±1.6		45
Latino	59–69a	–	–	1.8±2.1		45
Latino	69–79a	–	–	2.0±2.3		45
African-American	40–49	–	–	2.14±1.16		52
African-American	50–59	–	–	4.56±0.94		52
African-American	60–69	–	–	6.70±0.99		52
African-American	70–79	–	–	11.22±2.31		52
African-American	40–49	0.7	–	–	–	55
African-American	50–59	0.9	–	–	–	55
African-American	60–69	1.1	–	–	–	55
African-American	70–79	–	–	–	–	55
African-American	40–49	0.72	–	0.87±0.58	–	47
African-American	50–59	0.92	–	1.21±1.07	–	47
African-American	40–49	0.74	24.1	–	–	61
African-American	50–59	0.78	26.9	–	–	61
African-American	60–69	1.21	25.6	–	–	61
African-American	70–79	1.21	24.1	–	–	61
Black African-American	40–49	–	–	0.87±0.92	–	45
Black African-American	50–59	–	–	1.4±1.6	–	45
Black African-American	60–69	–	–	2.0±2.4	–	45
Black African-American	70–79	–	–	2.5±2.7	–	45
9 European and 8 non-European	40–49	0.64	34.5	–	–	59
9 European and 8 non-European	50–59	0.76	31.5	–	–	59
9 European and 8 non-European	60–69	0.94	31.8	–	–	59
9 European and 8 non-European	69–79	1.03	33.6	–	–	59
Turkish	40–49	–	–	–	–	60
Turkish	50–59	5.5	–	11.7±19.7	–	60
Turkish	60–69	11.9	–	16.3±14.9	–	60
Turkish	69–79	12.4	–	19.1±16.5	–	60
White American	40–49	–	–	3.25±1.42	–	52
White American	50–59	–	–	3.40±0.50	–	52
White American	60–69	–	–	4.68±0.39	–	52
White American	70–79			4.29±0.36	–	52
White American	40–49	0.6	–	–	–	54
White American	50–59	0.75	–	–	–	54
White American	60–69	1.0	–	–	–	54
White American	70–79	1.6	–	–	–	54
White American	40–49	–	–	0.82±0.77	–	45
White American	50–59	–	–	1.2±1.3	–	45
White American	60–69	–	–	1.8±1.9	–	45
White American	70–79	–	–	2.3±2.3	–	45
White American	40–49	–	–	–	–	55
White American	50–59	0.8	–	–	–	55
White American	60–69	1.0	–	–	–	55
White American	70–79	–	–	–	–	55
White American	40–49	–	–	–	–	43
White American	50–59	0.94	25.8	–	–	43
White American	60–69	1.33	24.9	–	–	43
White American	70–79	1.75	25.1	–	–	43
White American	40–49	0.70	–	0.81±0.54	–	47
White American	50–59	0.97	–	1.35±1.54	–	47
White American	60–69	1.17	–	1.81±2.65	–	47
White American	70–79	–	–	–	–	47
American	40–49	0.65	0.31	–	–	33
American	50–59	0.85	0.3	–	–	33
American	60–69a	1.39	0.27	–	–	33
American	69–79a	1.64	0.28	–	–	33
American	40–49	–	–	–	–	40
American	50–59	–	–	1.32±1.10	–	40
American	60–69a	–	–	1.91±1.72	–	40
American	69–79a	–	–	2.36±1.98	–	40
American	45–59	–	–	6.3±2.8	–	57
American	60–69	–	–	7.1±3.1	–	57
American	70–79	–	–	7.6±3.3	–	57
American	>80	–	–	8.8±3.9	–	57

Notes:

a The authors confirm it is correct that some age values (49, 59, 69 and 50, 60, 70) appear in two different groups, and advise this is because the study is a comparison of demographic differences in the values of tPSA and % fPSA/tPSA in different populations. We found there is a similar pattern in the tPSA values in different ethnic groups when compared to the Brazilian Indians in our study. For this reason we have placed the same age values in two groups.

Abbreviations: fPSA/tPSA, ratio of free prostate-specific antigen to total prostate-specific antigen; tPSA, total prostate-specific antigen.