Trends in the Treatment Outcomes and Features of Cryptorchidism in Boys: A Single-Institute Experience

Figures & data

Figure 1 Study flow. A total of 283 boys were diagnosed with cryptorchidism between January 2006 and December 2017 at our institute. Twenty-three boys were excluded owing to the lack of baseline data or follow-up data. The remaining 260 boys were investigated in this study. Of the 260 boys, 232 underwent orchiopexy. Of the 260 boys, 76 boys were additionally excluded because of the lack of detailed data. A detailed investigation was conducted for the remaining 184 boys.

Abbreviations: No, number of; Pt, patient; Tt, testis.

Table 1 Characteristics of 184 Boys with Cryptorchidism

Variables		Number of Boys	%
Age at diagnosis (years)	Mean (range)	2 (0–9)	–
Gestational age (weeks)	Mean (range)	37 (23–42)	–
Birth weight (g)	Mean (range)	2740 (622–4812)	–
Diagnostic opportunity
	Health examination for baby	72	39
	Incidental	112	61
Family history
	No	180	98
	Yes	4	2
Side
	Right	75	41
	Left	89	48
	Bilateral	20	11
Palpable (204 testes)
	No	61	30
	Yes	143	70
Location (143 palpable testes)
	High scrotal	23	15
	Canalicular	115	81
	Unknown	5	4
Complications
	Hydrocele	13	7
	Inguinal hernia	9	5
	Hypospadias	13	7
	Micropenis	2	1
	Contralateral retractile testis	12	6
Follow-up period (months)	Mean (range)	36 (0–145)	-
Treatment option
	Orchiopexy	162	88
	Spontaneous resolution	12	7
	Under follow-up	10	5

Table 2 Surgical Information (n=162)

Variables		Number of Boys	%
Number of patients		162	100
Age at orchiopexy (years)	Mean (range)	1 (0–9)	–
Height at orchiopexy (cm)	Mean (range)	79.3 (48.0–130.0)	–
Weight at orchiopexy (kg)	Mean (range)	11.1 (2.8–28.0)	–
Approach
	Scrotal	4	2
	Inguinal	77	48
	Laparoscopic	4	2
	Laparoscopic+Inguinal	17	11
	Unknown	60	37
Side
	Unilateral	147	91
	Bilateral	15	9
Testicular atrophy
(177 testes)	No	159	90
	Yes	18	10
Abnormality of epididymis
(177 testes)	No	133	75
	Yes	44	25
Closure of processus vaginalis
(177 testes)	No	72	41
	Yes	24	13
	Unknown	81	46
Testicular gubernaculum attachment
(177 testes)	Upper scrotum	150	85
	Inguinal canal	27	15
Use of Fowler-Stephens method	By one step	4	2
(177 testes)	By two steps	4	2
Outcomes
(177 testes)	Vanishing testis	6	4
	Orchiectomy	18	10
	Re-elevation	0	0
	Testicular atrophy	1	1

Table 3 Comparison of Characteristics Between Boys Who Underwent Orchiopexy and Boys Improved Spontaneously (n=174)

Variables		Resolution		P value
		By Orchiopexy	Spontaneously
Number of patients		162	12
Age at diagnosis (years)	Mean (range)	0 (0–9)	0 (0–2)	0.41
Gestational age (weeks)	Mean (range)	38 (23–42)	36 (23–41)	0.4
Birth weight (g)	Mean (range)	2780 (622–4812)	2375 (624–3778)	0.1
Follow-up period (months)	Mean (range)	10 (0–27)	8 (0–18)	0.93
Diagnostic opportunity				0.017
	Health examination for baby	71	0
	Incidental	91	12
Family history				1
	No	158	12
	Yes	4	0
Side				0.33
	Unilateral	147	10
	Bilateral	15	2
Palpable (191 testes)				0.53
	No	43	5
	Yes	133	10
Location (palpable 143 testes)				0.31
	High scrotal	20	3
	Canalicular	109	6
	Unknown	5	0

Table 4 Comparison of Characteristics Between Cryptorchidism without Hypospadias and with Hypospadias (n=184)

Variables		Cryptorchidism		P value
		Without Hypospadias	With Hypospadias
Number of patients		171	13
Age at diagnosis (years)	Mean (range)	2 (0–9)	2 (0–4)	0.36
Gestational age (weeks)	Mean (range)	37 (23–42)	35 (30–40)	0.0058
Birth weight (g)	Mean (range)	2809 (622–4812)	1834 (660–3496)	0.0006
Diagnostic opportunity				0.017
	Health examination for baby	71	1
	Incidental	100	12
Family history				1
	No	167	13
	Yes	4	0
Side				0.15
	Unilateral	154	10
	Bilateral	17	3
Palpable (204 testes)				0.4
	No	58	3
	Yes	130	13
Location (palpable 143 testes)				0.072
	High scrotal	22	1
	Canalicular	102	13
	Unknown	3	2
Age at orchiopexy (years; n=150 vs n=12)	Mean (range)	1 (0–9)	2 (0–4)	0.028
Height at orchiopexy (cm; n=150 vs n=12)	Mean (range)	79.2 (48.0–130.0)	80.2 (50.0–106.0)	0.73
Weight at orchiopexy (kg; n=150 vs n=12)	Mean (range)	11.1 (2.8–28.0)	11.2 (6.0–17.8)	0.87
Abnormality of epididymis				0.024
(testes; 162 vs 15)	No	118	15
	Yes	44	0
Closure of processus vaginalis				0.23
(testes; 162 vs 15)	No	68	4
	Yes	23	1
	Unknown	71	10
Testicular gubernaculum attachment				0.26
(testes; 162 vs 15)	Upper scrotum	138	11
	Inguinal canal	24	4
Testicular atrophy after orchiopexy				0.23
(testes; 162 vs 15)	No	160	14
	Yes	2	1