Factors Associated with Varicocele Recurrence After Microscopic Sub-Inguinal Varicocelectomy

Figures & data

Table 1 Baseline Demographic Characteristics and Clinical Data of Included Participants (N=34)

Variables	Sub-Category	Mean (SD)/N (%) *
Age
		32.53 (9.61)
BMI
		28.59 (9.49)
Affected Side
	Left	24 (70.6%)
	Bilateral	10 (29.4%)
Grade on right side
	Grade I	2 (6.5%)
	Grade II	6 (16.1%)
	No varicocele	26 (77.4%)
Grade on left side
	Grade I	5 (17.2%)
	Grade II	18 (51.7%)
	Grade II	11 (31%)
Smoking status
	Yes	9 (26.5%)
	No	25 (73.5%)
Chronic disease
	Yes	4 (11.8%)
	No	30 (88.2%)
Surgical indications
	Pain	28 (82.4%)
	Infertility	3 (8.8%)
	Cosmetic	3 (8.8%)
Surgical parameters
	Duration of surgery (minutes)	92 (26.43)
	Numbers of vein ligated on the right	3.44 (1.94)
	Numbers of vein ligated on the left	6.73 (1.90)

Note: *Data are presented as means (standard deviations) and numbers (percentages).

Abbreviations: N, number; SD, standard deviation; BMI, body mass index.

Table 2 Laboratory and Surgical Outcomes of Microscopic Varicocelectomy at 3 and 6 Months (N=34)

Variables	Subcategory	Assessment Period
		Before Surgery	3 Months	6 Months
Semen Analysis: Mean (SD)
	Sperm Count (x10^6)	26.2 (33.79)	19.9 (14.76)	22.8 (31.29)
	Sperm Motility	49.8% (26.85)	47.8% (24.43)	42.3% (26.85)
	Sperm Morphology	3.8% (2.51)	2.8% (0.83)	2.2% (0.44)
Testosterone levels (pg/mL): Mean (SD)
		14.5 (8.91)	14.5 (13.71)	25.1 (14.68)
Surgical Outcomes: N (%)
	Recurrence		1 (2.90%)	1 (2.90%)
	Pain		3 (8.80%)	4 (10.5%)
	Other complications		0 (0.00%)	0 (0.00%)
	Pregnancy		15 (44.10%)	4 (11.8%)

Abbreviations: N, number; SD, standard deviation; pg, picogram.

Table 3 t-Test Analysis of Left Vein Size Between Recurrence and Non-Recurrence Group Before Surgery and at 3 and 6 Months After Operation

Variables	Sig. (2-Tailed)	Mean Difference	Std. Error Difference
Left vein size on Valsalva maneuver before surgery	0.002	−2.26176	0.63334
Left vein size on Valsalva maneuver 3 months after surgery	0.007	−1.525	0.30233
Left vein size on Valsalva maneuver 6 months after surgery	0.009	−1.8625	0.51632

Abbreviations: Sig, P-value; Std, standard.