Cystine Stones: Developments in Minimally Invasive Surgery and Their Impact on Morbidity and Stone Clearance

Figures & data

Figure 1 Summary of management in patients with kidney stones.

Abbreviations: SWL, shock wave lithotripsy; URS, ureteroscopy; PCNL, percutaneous nephrolithotripsy.

Table 1 Summary of Participants, Intervention Modalities and Outcomes of Selected Studies

Author (Year)	Study Summary	Participants with Cystine Stones	Intervention Modality	Stone-Free Rate (SFR)
Ruggera et al (2011)^Citation28	Single-centre URS outcomes in management of cystine stones (2003–2007)	10 (21 interventions)	RIRS	71%
Takahashi et al (2021)^Citation29	Retrospective review of outcomes of cystine stone patients at a single centre (1989–2019)	22 (138 interventions)	SWL – 122 (84.4%) URS – 13 (9.4%) PCNL – 3 (2.2%)	Not reported
Onal et al (2013)^Citation25	Retrospective analysis of children undergoing PCNL for cystine stones (2000–2012)	51 (65 renal units)	PCNL	63.1% (initial) 73.8% (after additional endoscopic procedures)
Usawachintachit et al (2018)^Citation30	Retrospective analysis of clinical outcomes of cystinuria patients comparing bilateral and unilateral disease	42 (261 interventions)	PCNL – 112 (42.9%) URS – 90 (34.5%) SWL – 44 (16.9%) Open – 15 (5.7%)	Not reported
Quiros Madarriaga et al (2022)^Citation31	Prospective analysis of high power Ho:YAG laser in children with cystinuria	8 (22 interventions)	RIRS	59%
Vinit et al (2021)^Citation32	Retrospective analysis of SWL outcomes in the first-line treatment of cystine stones in children	15	SWL	83% (children <2 years) 6.2% (children >2 years)

Abbreviations: SWL, shock wave lithotripsy; URS, ureteroscopy; PCNL, percutaneous nephrolithotripsy, RIRS, retrograde intrarenal surgery.

Ruggera L, Zanin M, Beltrami P, Zattoni F. Retrograde transureteral approach: a safe and efficient treatment for recurrent cystine renal stones. Urol Res. 2011;39(5):411–415. doi:10.1007/s00240-010-0358-2

 PubMedGoogle Scholar

Takahashi T, Somiya S, Ito K, Kanno T, Higashi Y, Yamada H. The long-term follow-up of patients with cystine stones: a single-center experience for 13 years. J Clin Med. 2021;10(7):1336. doi:10.3390/jcm10071336

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Onal B, Dogan C, Citgez S, et al. Percutaneous nephrolithotomy in children with cystine stone: long-term outcomes from a single institution. J Urol. 2013;190(1):234–237. doi:10.1016/j.juro.2013.01.016

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Usawachintachit M, Sherer B, Hudnall M, et al. Clinical outcomes for cystinuria patients with unilateral versus bilateral cystine stone disease. J Endourol. 2018;32(2):148–153. doi:10.1089/end.2017.0335

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Quiroz Madarriaga Y, Badenes Gallardo A, Llorens de Knecht E, et al. Can cystinuria decrease the effectiveness of RIRS with high-power ho:yag laser in children? Outcomes from a tertiary endourology referral center. Urolithiasis. 2022;50(2):229–234. doi:10.1007/s00240-022-01301-w

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Vinit N, Khoury A, Lopez P, et al. Extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy for cystine stones in children: an observational, retrospective, single-center analysis. Front Pediatr. 2021;16(9):763317. doi:10.3389/fped.2021.763317

 Google Scholar