Transcranial magnetic stimulation for the treatment of cocaine addiction: evidence to date

Figures & data

Table 1 Studies that have implemented TMS in the treatment of cocaine addicts

	n	TMS device and parameters	Target area	Control group	Assessment	Results
Terraneo et al^Citation85	32	rTMS (8-coil), 8 sessions, 40 trains, 15 Hz, 100% MT, 2,400 pulses	DlPfCx, left	Pharm	Urine, craving	More cocaine-free urine samples in rTMS group, reduction in craving in rTMS group
Rapinesi et al^Citation86	7	rTMS (H coil), 12 sessions, 20 trains, 20 Hz, 100% MT, 720 pulses	DlPfCx, bilateral	No	Craving (VAS)	Reduction in craving
Bolloni et al^Citation87	10	rTMS (H1 coil), 12 sessions, 20 trains, 10 Hz, 100% MT, 1,000 pulses	DlPfCx, bilateral	Sham TMS	Hair analysis	Reduction in Intake in 10 Hz rTMS group, no difference among subjects
Politi et al^Citation81	36	rTMS (8-coil), 10 sessions, 20 trains, 15 Hz, 100% MT, 600 pulses	DlPfCx, left	No	Craving (VAS)	Reduction in craving
Camprodon et al^Citation79	6	rTMS, 2 sessions, 20 trains, 10 Hz, 90% MT, 2,000 pulses	DlPfCx, right/left	No	Craving (VAS)	Reduction in craving with right rTMS
Hanlon et al^Citation92	11	cTBS + fMRI, 1 session, 110% MT, 1,800 pulses	MPfCx, left	Sham TMS	Craving	Reduction in craving

Abbreviations: rTMS, repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation; MT, motor threshold; cTBS, continuous θ-burst stimulation; fMRI, functional magnetic resonance imaging; DlPfCx, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex; MPfCx, medial prefrontal cortex; VAS, visual analogue scale.

Table S1 Studies that have used TMS in the treatment of other addiction disorders

	Study	n	TMS device and parameters	Target area	Control group	Assessment	Results
Nicotine	Johann et al^Citation103	11	rTMS, 20 Hz, 90% MT	DlPfCx, left	Sham	Craving	Reduction in craving
	Li et al^Citation104	16	rTMS, 10 Hz, 100% MT	DlPfCx, left	Sham	Cue-induced craving	Reduction in craving
	Eichhammer et al^Citation105	14	rTMS, 20 Hz, 90% MT	DlPfCx, left	Sham	Craving, smoking	No effect on craving, significant reduction in smoking
	Pripfl et al^Citation106	14	rTMS, 10 Hz, 90% MT	DlPfCx, left	Sham	Cue-induced craving	Reduction in cue-induced craving
	Hayashi et al^Citation107	10	rTMS, 1 Hz, 110% MT	DlPfCx, left	Sham	Cue-induced craving + fMRI	Reduction in cue-induced craving and reduction in fMRI signal in OfCx
	Rose et al^Citation108	15	rTMS, 1 Hz, 10 Hz, 90% MT	SFG, MCx	Randomized open-label crossover	Cue-induced craving	Craving after smoking-cue presentations was elevated in the 10 Hz SFG and reduced after neutral-cue presentations; upon smoking, craving reduction in 10 Hz rTMS over SFG
	Amiaz et al^Citation60	48	rTMS, 10 Hz,100% MT,	DlPfCx, left	Sham	Cue-induced craving, cigarette consumption	Reduction in cue-induced craving and cigarette consumption
	Wing et al^Citation109	15	rTMS, 20 Hz, 90% MT	DlPfCx, left/right	Sham	Craving, smoking	Reduction in craving, no effect on smoking
	Prikryl et al^Citation110	35	rTMS, 10 Hz, 110% MT	DlPfCx, left	Sham	Smoking	Reduction in smoking
	Dinur-Klein et al^Citation61	115	H-coil,, 1/10 Hz, 110% MT	DlPfCx, bilateral, ICx	Sham	Cigarette consumption, craving	Reduction in craving and cigarette consumption after 10 Hz rTMS
	Trojak et al^Citation111	37	rTMS, 1Hz, 120% MT	DlPfCx, right	Sham	Craving	No effect on craving
Alcohol	Addolorato et al^Citation112	11	Deep rTMS, 10 Hz, 100% MT	DlPfCx, bilateral	Sham	Intake, SPECT (DAT)	Decrease in alcohol intake and DAT availability
	Mishra et al^Citation58	45	rTMS, 10 Hz, 110% MT	DlPfCx, right	Sham	Craving	Reduction in craving
	Mishra et al^Citation113	20	rTMS, 10 Hz, 110% MT	DlPfCx, right/left	Randomized double-blind	Craving	Reduction in craving after rTMS in both conditions
	Herremans et al^Citation114	36	rTMS, 20 Hz, 110% MT	DlPfCx, right	Sham	Craving	No effect on craving
	Herremans et al^Citation115	29	rTMS, 20 Hz, 110% MT	DlPfCx, right	Sham	Craving	No effect on craving
	Herremans et al^Citation116	26	rTMS, 20 Hz, 110% MT	DlPfCx, right	Sham	Cue-induced craving	No effect on craving
	Höppner et al^Citation117	19	rTMS, 20Hz, 90% MT	DlPfCx, left	Sham	Craving	No effect on craving
	Ceccanti et al^Citation57	18	rTMS, 20Hz, 120% MT	MPfCx	Sham	Craving	Reduction in craving and drinking days
	del Felice et al^Citation118	17	rTMS, 10Hz, 100% MT	DlPfCx, left	Sham	Craving, consumption	No effect on craving
Heroin	Shen et al^Citation63	20	rTMS, 10Hz, 100% MT	DlPfCx, left	Sham	Cue-induced craving	Reduction in cue-induced craving
Methamphetamine	Li et al^Citation62	10	rTMS, 1Hz, 100% MT	DlPfCx, left	Sham	Craving	Increase in craving
	Su et al^Citation119	30	rTMS, 10 Hz, 80% MT	DlPfCx, left	Sham	Cue-induced craving	Reduction in cue-induced craving

Abbreviations: rTMS, repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation; MT, motor threshold; DlPfCx, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex; ICx, insular cortex; SFG, superior frontal gyrus; MCx, motor cortex; MPfCx, medial prefrontal cortex; fMRI, functional magnetic resonance imaging; SPECT, single-photon-emission computed tomography; OfCx, orbitofrontal cortex.

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