Tobacco Use Among Reproductive Age Women in Ethiopia: Evidence from the National Health Survey

Figures & data

Table 1 Socio-Demographic and Other Substance Use Characteristics of Reproductive Age Women, Ethiopia DHS 2016 (N= 15,683)

Variables	Frequency	Percentage
Age group (in years)
< 25	6401	40.8
25–34	5086	32.4
≥35	4196	26.8
Residence
Urban	5348	34.1
Rural	10,335	65.9
Administrative regions
Tigray	1682	10.7
Afar	1128	7.2
Amhara	1719	11.0
Oromia	1892	12.1
Somali	1391	8.9
Benishangul	1126	7.2
SNNPR	1849	11.8
Gambella	1035	6.6
Harari	906	5.8
Addis Ababa	1824	11.6
Dire Dawa	1131	7.2
Educational status
No education	7033	44.8
Primary	5213	33.2
Secondary	2238	14.3
Above	1199	7.6
Religion
Orthodox	6413	40.9
Protestant	2814	17.9
Muslim	6209	39.6
Others including traditional religion	247	1.6
Wealth index
Poorest	4122	26.3
Poorer	2596	16.6
Middle	2848	18.2
Richer	2811	17.9
Richest	3306	21.1
Current marital status
Never in union	4278	27.3
Married	9824	62.6
Widowed	451	2.9
Divorced	878	5.6
Separated	252	1.6
Occupation within the last 12 months
No occupation (not working)	10,011	63.8
Has occupation (working)	5672	36.2
Ever drunk alcohol
No	10,516	67.1
Yes	5167	32.9
Ever chewed khat
No	14,127	90.1
Yes	1556	9.9

Figure 1 Percentage distribution of all common forms of tobacco use among reproductive-age women in Ethiopia (N=15,683), Ethiopian Demographic Health Survey 2016.

Table 2 Percentage of Reproductive-Age Women Who Currently Use Tobacco Products, Across Their Administrative Regions, Ethiopia DHS 2016 (N= 15,683)

Characteristics	Total Number of Women	Number of Women Who Currently Use Tobacco	The Current Prevalence of Tobacco Uses (%)
Administrative regions
Tigray	1682	0	0.00
Afar	1128	29	13.36
Amhara	1719	2	0.92
Oromia	1892	12	5.53
Somali	1391	5	2.30
Benishangul	1126	36	16.59
SNNPR	1849	12	5.53
Gambella	1035	96	44.24
Harari	906	8	3.68
Addis Ababa	1824	5	2.30
Dire Dawa	1131	12	5.53

Table 3 Factors Associated with Current Tobacco Use Among the Reproductive Age Women, Ethiopia DHS 2016 (N= 15,683)

Predictor Variables	Current Tobacco Use		COR (95% CI)	AOR (95% CI)
	No	Yes
Age group (in years)
<25	6376	25	1	1
25–34	4999	87	4.44 (2.84, 6.94)*	2.78 (1.69, 4.57)*
≥35	4091	105	6.55 (4.23, 10.14)*	4.24 (2.54, 7.07)*
Residence
Urban	5292	56	1	1
Rural	10,174	161	1.49 (1.10, 2.03)*	1.0 (0.68, 1.47)
Educational status
No education	6906	127	4.39 (1.79, 10.76)*	1.05 (0.38, 2.89)
Primary	5158	55	2.55 (1.02, 6.37)*	1.36 (0.50, 3.67)
Secondary	2208	30	3.25 (1.26, 8.38)*	2.63 (0.96, 7.23)
Above	1194	5	1	1
Religion
Orthodox	6385	28	1	1
Protestant	2714	100	2.56 (1.51, 6.81)*	2.36 (4.17, 9.42)*
Muslim	6138	71	2.64 (1.70, 4.09)*	3.92 (2.16, 7.11)*
Others including traditional religion	229	18	17.92 (9.77, 32.88)*	16.23 (8.33, 31.61)*
Wealth index
Poorest	3779	115	13.32 (6.51, 27.24)*	15.78 (7.38, 33.70)*
Poorer	2015	31	6.29 (2.93, 13.48)*	5.85 (2.64, 12.97)*
Middle	1986	16	3.36 (1.49, 7.52)*	3.61 (1.57, 8.29)*
Richer	2029	13	2.66 (1.15, 6.12)*	2.48 (1.10, 5.85)*
Richest	5657	42	1	1
Current marital status
Never in union	4270	8	0.12 (0.05, 0.22)*	0.31 (0.14, 0.67)*
Married	9656	168	1	1
Widowed	431	20	2.67 (1.66, 4.28)*	1.38 (0.81, 2.37)
Divorced	864	14	0.93 (0.54, 1.61)	1.28 (0.71, 2.29)
Separated	245	7	1.64 (0.76, 3.54)	1.67 (0.73, 3.82)
Occupation within the last 12 months
No occupation	9877	134	0.91 (0.69, 1.20)*	1.06 (0.78, 1.43)
Has occupation	5589	83	1	1
Ever drink alcohol
No	10,382	134	1	1
Yes	5084	83	1.27 (0.96, 1.67)*	5.44 (3.71, 7.95)*
Ever chewed khat
No	13,966	161	1	1
Yes	1500	56	3.24 (2.38, 4.41)*	7.59 (4.99, 11.55)*

Note: *Statistically significant at p< 0.25 in bivariate and at p < 0.05 in multivariate logistic regression analysis.

Abbreviations: AOR, adjusted odds ratio; COR, crudes odds ratio; SNNPR, Southern Nations, Nationalities, and People’s Region.