Amniotic membrane-derived stem cells: immunomodulatory properties and potential clinical application

Figures & data

Table 1 Phenotypic characteristics of HAECs

Antigen	Expression
SSEA-3	+
SSEA-4	+
TRA 1–60	+
TRA 1–81	+
E-Cad	+
CD9	+
CD24	+
CD29	+
CD104	+
CD49e	+
CD49f	+
CD49d	+
CD44	+
CD49f	+
CD34	−
CD45	−
CD14	−
CD73	−
CD90	−
CD105	−

Note: Data from Ilancheran et al,⁵ Wolbank et al,¹³ Banas et al,¹⁵ Chang et al,¹⁶ Roubelakis et al.²⁰

Abbreviations: E-Cad, E-Cadherin; HAEC, human amniotic epithelial cells; SSEA, stage-specific embryonic antigen; TRA, tumor rejection antigen; −, negative; +, positive.

Table 2 Phenotypic characteristics of HAMSCs

Antigen	Expression
CD34	−
CD45	−
CD14	−
CD73	+
CD90	+
CD105	+
CD29	+
CD44	+
CD49d	+
CD49e	+
CD56	+
CD166	+
STRO-1	+

Note: Data from Parolini et al,² Whittle et al,³ Ilancheran et al,⁵ Insausti et al,⁶ Alviano et al,⁷ Ilancheran et al,¹⁰ Parolini et al,¹¹ Soncini et al,¹² Roubelakis et al.²⁰

Abbreviations: HAMSC, human amniotic mesenchymal stromal cells; STRO, stromal precursor cells; −, negative; +, positive.

Table 3 Immunologic profile of HAECs and HAMSCs

Antigens	IFN-γ absent	IFN-γ present	References
HLA A-B-C	−, ±	−	^Citation2,Citation13,Citation15
HLA DR	−	−	^Citation2,Citation13,Citation15
HLA G	+	++	^Citation5,Citation8,Citation15,Citation24,Citation25
CD80 (B7-1)	−	−	^Citation2,Citation15,Citation16
CD86 (B7-2)	−	−	^Citation2,Citation15,Citation16
CD40	−	−	^Citation2,Citation15,Citation16
CD40L	−	−	^Citation2,Citation15,Citation16
PD-1	−	−	^Citation15,Citation16,Citation23
PDL1	−	+	^Citation15,Citation16,Citation23
PDL2	−	+	^Citation15,Citation16,Citation23
ILTR2	−	−	^Citation15
ILTR3	−	−	^Citation15
ILTR4	−	−	^Citation15

Abbreviations: HAEC, human amniotic epithelial cells; HAMSC, human amniotic mesenchymal stromal cells; HLA, human leukocyte antigen; ILTR, immunoglobulin-like transcript receptor; IFN-γ, interferon gamma; PD1, programmed cell death receptor 1; PDL1, programmed cell death receptor ligand 1; −, negative; +, positive; ±, weak positive; ++, strong positive.

Figure 1 Proposed mechanisms of the in vitro interaction of AM-derived stem cells with different cells of the immune system.

Abbreviations: AM, amniotic membrane; DC, dendritic cell; FasL, fas ligand; G0, resting phase of the cell cycle; HGF, hepatic growth factor; HLA-G, human leukocyte antigen G; IDO, indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase; IFN-γ, interferon gamma; IL, interleukin; ILTR, immunoglobulin-like transcript receptor; Jurkat cells, human acute lymphoblastic T cell leukemia, clone E6.1; MIF, migration inhibitory factor; NK, natural killer; PD1, programmed cell death receptor 1; PDL1, programmed cell death receptor ligand 1; PGE2, prostaglandin E-2; PBMC, peripheral blood mononucleated cell; TGF-β, transforming growth factor beta; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor alpha; Treg cells, regulatory T cells.

Table 4 Primed AM-derived stem cells

Immunosuppressive factors	References
IL-10	^Citation53,Citation57
TGF-β	^Citation16,Citation19,Citation49,Citation57
IDO	^Citation16,Citation19
PGE2	^Citation3,Citation19,Citation60

Abbreviations: AM, amniotic membrane; IDO, indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase; IL, interleukin; PGE2, prostaglandin E-2; TGF-β, transforming growth factor beta.

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