The association between vitamin D receptor gene polymorphisms (TaqI and FokI), Type 2 diabetes, and micro-/macrovascular complications in postmenopausal women

Figures & data

Table 1 Characteristics of study participants

Characteristics	Cases	Control	P-value
	(n=100)	(n=100)
Age
Mean (±SD)	65.7 (±7.18)	65.1 (±9.18)	Pa=0.16
Hypertension (n)
Yes	86	60
No	14	40	Pb=0.0001*
BMI (kg/m^2) (n)
Normal (<25)	19	33
Overweight/obese (>25)	81	67	Pb=0.0355*
WC (cm)
Mean (±SD)	99 (±12)	89 (±14)	Pa<0.0001*
HbA1c (%)
Mean (±SD)	7.8 (±1.7)	5.5 (±0.3)	Pa<0.0001*
Triglycerides (mg/dL)
Mean (±SD)	160 (±68)	135 (±62)	Pa=0.0200*
Skin phototype(n)
I + II	6	3
III + IV	70	58	Pb=0.73
V + VI	24	39	Pb=0.15
25OHD (ng/mL) (n)
Deficiency/insufficiency (<30 ng/mL)	74	48
Normal (>30 ng/mL)	26	52	Pb=0.0001*

Notes:

* Statistically significant difference (P<0.05);

a Student’s t-test;

b Fisher’s exact test.

Abbreviations: SD, standard deviation; BMI, body mass index; WC, waist circumference; HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin; 25OHD, 25-hydroxyvitamin D.

Table 2 Distribution of VDR (TaqI) polymorphism genotypes and allele frequencies between T2DM patients and control groups

VDR	T2DM patients n=100	Control n=100	P-valuea	OR	95% CI
Genotype
AA (TT)	45 (45%)	49 (49%)	–
AG (Tt)	46 (46%)	39 (39%)	0.45	1.28	0.68–2.41
GG (tt)	9 (9%)	12 (12%)	0.81	0.82	0.28–2.33
AG + GG (Tt + tt)	55 (55%)	52 (52%)	0.67	1.17	0.65–2.13
Alleles
A (T)	136 (68%)	137 (68.5%)	–
G (t)	64 (32%)	63 (31.5%)	1.00	1.02	0.66–1.59

Notes:

a Chi-square test. “–” indicates no data.

Abbreviations: VDR, vitamin D receptor; T2DM, Type 2 diabetes; OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval.

Table 3 Distribution of VDR (FokI) polymorphism genotypes and allele frequencies between T2DM patients and control groups

VDR	T2DM patients n=100	Control n=100	P-valuea	OR	95% CI
Genotype
GG (FF)	46 (46%)	38 (38%)	–
AG (Ff)	42 (42%)	47 (47%)	0.13	1.4	0.77–2.56
AA (ff)	12 (12%)	15 (15%)	0.17	1.5	0.63–3.62
AG + GG (Ff + ff)	54 (54%)	62 (62%)	0.13	1.39	0.79–2.44
Alleles
G (F)	134 (67%)	123 (61.5%)	–
A (f)	66 (33%)	77 (38.5%)	0.13	1.2	0.84–1.91

Notes:

a Chi-square test. “–” indicates no data.

Abbreviations: VDR, vitamin D receptor; T2DM, Type 2 diabetes; OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval.

Table 4 Distribution of VDR (TaqI) polymorphism genotypes and allele frequencies in T2DM patients according to the presence of CAD

CAD
VDR	Yes n=18	No n=82	P-valuea
Genotype
AA (TT)	8 (44%)	37 (45%)
AG (Tt)	7 (39%)	39 (48%)	0.78
GG (tt)	3 (17%)	6 (7%)	0.37
AG + GG (Tt + tt)	10 (56%)	45 (55%)	1.00
Alleles n (%)
A (T)	23 (64%)	113 (69%)
G (t)	13 (36%)	51 (31%)	0.56

Note:

a Chi-square test.

Abbreviations: VDR, vitamin D receptor; T2DM, Type 2 diabetes; CAD, coronary artery disease.

Table 5 Distribution of VDR (FokI) polymorphism genotypes and allele frequencies in T2DM patients according to the presence of CAD

CAD
VDR	Yes n=18	No n=82	P-valuea	OR	95% CI
Genotype
GG (FF)	12 (67%)	34 (42%)	–
AG (Ff)	4 (22%)	38 (46%)	0.0361*	0.29	0.09–1.01
AA (ff)	2 (11%)	10 (12%)	0.39	0.57	0.11–2.96
AG + AA	6 (33%)	48 (58%)	0.0462*	0.35	0.12–1.02
(Ff + ff)
Alleles n (%)
G (F)	28 (78%)	106 (65%)	–
A (f)	8 (22%)	58 (35%)	0.09	0.52	0.22–1.22

Notes:

* Statistically significant difference (P<0.05);

a Chi-square test. “–” indicates no data.

Abbreviations: VDR, vitamin D receptor; T2DM, Type 2 diabetes; OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; CAD, coronary artery disease.