Effect of ketamine combined with butorphanol on emergence agitation of postoperative patients with gastric cancer

Figures & data

Table 1 Characteristics of the study populations

Characteristics	Group C (n=50)	Group K (n=50)	Group B (n=50)
Age (years)	57.3±9.5	58.2±8.6	58.8±9.1
Male/female	29/21	30/20	26/24
Stages according to the ASA
Stage I	21	18	17
Stage II	17	19	18
Stage III	12	13	15
BMI (kg/m^2)	26.1±2.0	25.8±2.2	26.4±2.5
Operation time (min)	254.7±58.3	268.5±47.9	260.3±66.2
Intraoperative blood loss (mL)	272.3±98.4	297.4±87.2	291.1±76.5

Note: Data are mean ± SD.

Abbreviations: ASA, American Society of Anesthesiologists; BMI, body mass index; SD, standard deviation.

Table 2 Comparison of MAP and HR among groups at different times

Groups	n	T0	T1	T2	T3
MAP (mmHg)
Group C	50	11.2±1.8	15.8±3.2	12.5±1.7	11.4±1.6
Group K	50	11.4±2.1	15.5±3.7	15.4±2.5a	13.9±1.4a
Group B	50	11.4±2.5	15.6±4.0	15.3±2.2a	13.5±1.2a
HR (beats/min)
Group C	50	84.7±4.6	104.5±5.8	90.2±3.8	84.3±3.3
Group K	50	85.1±3.8	100.7±6.1	97.4±3.6a	90.4±3.8a
Group B	50	84.5±4.2	101.3±4.9	95.8±4.5a	91.8±4.0a

Notes: Data are mean ± SD.

a Means significant comparing with group C (P<0.05). T0, T1, T2, and T3 represent the HR at the end of operation just before extubation, at 0 minute, at 5 minutes, and at 30 minutes after extubation, respectively.

Abbreviations: MAP, mean arterial pressure; HR, heart rate; SD, standard deviation.

Table 3 Comparison of the quality of anesthesia recovery among groups

Groups	n	Recovery time (mins)	Extubation time (mins)	Time in PACU (mins)
Group C	50	8.9±3.1	9.4±2.5	25.7±8.3
Group K	50	11.5±2.4a	13.5±3.1a	34.8±6.4a
Group B	50	12.7±2.3a	13.2±3.2a	36.5±5.8a

Notes: Data are mean ± SD.

a Means significant comparing with group C (P<0.05).

Abbreviations: PACU, postanesthesia care unit; SD, standard deviation; mins, minutes.

Table 4 Comparison of incidences of EAamong groups

Groups	n	Stage of EA
		Stage 0	Stage 1	Stage 2	Stage 3
Group C	50	94.0% (47/50)	6.0% (3/50)	0	0
Group K	50	76.0% (38/50)	18.0% (9/50)	6.0% (3/50)	0
Group B	50	80.0% (40/50)	16.0% (8/50)	4.0% (2/50)	0

Notes: Data are numbers of agitated patients/total patients. Stage 0: quiet; stage 1: slightly restless to stimuli; stage 2: obviously excited without stimulation; stage 3: delirious and struggling and shouting continuously.

Abbreviation: EA, emergence agitation.

Table 5 Comparison of the incidence of adverse reactions among groups

Groups	n	Drowsiness	Glossoptosis	Respiratory depression	Total incidence
Group C	50	4.0% (2/50)	2.0% (1/50)	0	6.0% (3/50)
Group K	50	12.0% (6/50)	6.0% (3/50)	4.0% (2/50)	22.0% (11/50)
Group B	50	2.0% (1/50)	4.0% (2/50)	0	6.0% (3/50)

Note: Data are numbers of agitated patients/total patients.