Sanders type 3–4 calcaneal fractures fixed with locking plate: does tri-cortical iliac bone autograft provide extra benefit for stabilization?

Figures & data

Figure 1 (A) Preoperative X-ray of a patient with Sanders Type 4 calcaneal fracture, (B and C) preoperative coronal and sagittal CT images of the same patient, (D) early postoperative X-ray of the patient.

Abbreviation: CT, computed tomography.

Table 1 Age distribution of the groups

	Age, years	Range	p-value
	Mean ± SD
Group A	40.69±11.48	22–59	0.806
Group B	42.33±11.61	24–56
Total	41.48±11.33	22–59

Notes: Mann–Whitney U analysis. Group A, fractures where graft was used; Group B, fractures without graft.

Table 2 Gender distribution of the groups

	Group A		Group B		Total		p-value
	n	%	n	%	n	%
Gender							1.000
Male	12	86	11	83	23	85
Female	2	14	2	17	4	15
Total	14	52	13	48	27	100

Notes: Fisher’s exact test. Group A, fractures where graft was used; Group B, fractures without graft.

Table 3 Distribution of side, Sanders type, and clinical results according to AOFAS between the groups

	Group A		Group B		Total		p-value
	n	%	n	%	n	%
Side							0.170*
Right	9	56.2	4	30.8	13	44.8
Left	7	43.8	9	69.2	16	55.2
Sanders type							0.340*
Sanders 3	7	43.8	8	61.5	15	51.7
Sanders 4	9	56.2	5	38.5	14	48.3
AOFAS							0.620**
Poor	2	12.5	1	7.7	3	10.4
Fair	4	25.0	3	23.0	7	24.1
Good	5	31.25	4	30.8	9	31.0
Excellent	5	31.25	5	38.5	10	34.5
Infection							0.488***
Yes	2	12.5	0	0	2	6.9
No	14	87.5	13	100	27	93.1

Notes:

* Pearson χ²,

** χ² trend analysis,

*** Fisher’s exact test. Group A, fractures where graft was used; Group B, fractures without graft.

Abbreviation: AOFAS, American Orthopedic Foot and Ankle Society.

Table 4 Distribution of Bohler’s and Gissane’s angles, height, AOFAS score, and follow-up time between the groups

	Group A		Group B		p-value
	Mean ± SD	Range	Mean ± SD	Range
Early Bohler	27.33±5.92	14.6–35	28.15±5.02	15.2–33.6	0.759
Final Bohler	25.79±6.17	13.3–34.7	26.78±4.92	14.2–31.4	0.497
Bohler’s angle loss	1.54±1.48	0–6.5	1.38±1.02	0–4.1	0.692
Early Gissane	107.33±7.09	92.2–118.2	113.68±5.98	103.8–121.8	0.015
Final Gissane	109.19±6.71	93.8–120	115.48±5.66	107.3–124.3	0.007
Gissane’s angle change	1.86±1.4	0–6.8	1.79±0.85	1.2–4.2	0.310
Early height (mm)	51.49±3.61	45.89–56.89	49.33±3.75	42.41–55.03	0.160
Final height (mm)	50.51±3.66	45–56.44	48.52±4.19	41.3–54.78	0.203
Height loss (mm)	0.98±0.92	0.03–3.63	0.81±0.63	0–2.2	0.742
AOFAS	83.63±10.26	67–100	87.54±10.6	67–100	0.319
Follow-up time (months)	12.25±4.58	6–23	11.38±5.47	6–22	0.467

Notes: Mann–Whitney U analysis. Group A, fractures where graft was used; Group B, fractures without graft. Bold text indicates statistical significance.

Abbreviation: AOFAS, American Orthopedic Foot and Ankle Society.