Prevalence, risk factors and microorganisms of urinary tract infections in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a retrospective study in China

Figures & data

Table 1 Characterization of patients with T2D

Characteristics	Non-UTIs	UTIs	P-value
Gender (male/female)	(1,783/1,072)	(68/341)	<0.001
Age (years)	57.43±0.26	64.28±0.64	<0.001
Duration of DM (years)	6.09±0.12	7.66±0.36	<0.001
BMI (kg/m^2)	24.46±0.07	24.33±0.18	0.257
WBC (×10^9/L)	6.35±0.06	7.28±0.20	0.001
N (%)	59.85±0.33	64.67±0.65	<0.001
L (%)	32.51±0.31	28.65±0.59	<0.001
Cr (µmol/L)	74.66±1.56	81.89±2.46	<0.001
UA (µmol/L)	332.46±4.04	320.55±7.64	<0.001
ALT (U/L)	31.39±0.94	27.39±1.41	<0.001
Alb (g/L)	41.51±0.15	38.82±0.26	<0.001
Blood K^+ (mmol/L)	3.93±0.01	3.91±0.03	0.279
UAlb (mg/L)	66.40±3.48	104.85±14.66	0.001
RBG (mmol/L)	11.71±0.14	13.03±0.40	0.003
HbA1c (%)	9.48±0.04	9.54±0.13	0.952
FC-P (ng/mL)	1.77±0.03	1.86±0.06	0.256
2hC-P (ng/mL)	4.01±0.06	4.07±0.17	0.792
GAD-Ab (IU/mL)	20.99±0.57	23.95±1.47	<0.001
IAA (%)	5.95±0.19	7.41±0.58	<0.001
TG (mmol/L)	2.10±0.04	1.92±0.09	0.105
TC (mmol/L)	5.10±0.03	5.12±0.07	0.957
HDL-c (mmol/L)	1.37±0.01	1.40±0.02	0.063
LDL-c (mmol/L)	2.95±0.12	2.80±0.04	0.617

Abbreviations: 2hC-P, 2-hour post-meal serum c-peptide; Alb, blood albumin; ALT, glutamate–pyruvate transaminase; BMI, body mass index; Cr, blood creatine; DM, diabetes mellitus; FC-P, fasting serum c-peptide; GAD-Ab, glutamic acid decarboxylase antibody; HDL-c, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; IAA, insulin autoantibody; L, lymphocyte; LDL-c, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; N, neutrophil; RBG, random blood glucose; T2D, type 2 diabetes; TC, total cholesterol; TG, triglycerides; UA, uric acid; UAlb, albumin excretion rate in 24-hour urine; UTI, urinary tract infection; WBC, white blood cell.

Table 2 Risk factors for UTIs in diabetic patients

Risk factors	OR	95% CI	P-value
Gender (female)	10.665	7.016–16.211	<0.001
Age	1.019	1.006–1.032	0.005
RBG	1.034	1.013–1.055	0.001
IAA	1.015	1.002–1.028	0.022
UAlb	1.001	1.001–1.002	<0.001

Abbreviations: IAA, insulin autoantibody; OR, odds ratio; RBG, random blood glucose; UAlb, albumin excretion rate in 24-hour urine; UTI, urinary tract infection.

Figure 1 Urine cultures in diabetic patients.

Notes: Exactly 84.9% patients with positive UTI symptoms underwent positive urine cultures and 44.08% of them were positive. Also, 87.33% patients without UTI symptoms underwent positive urine cultures and 70.47% were positive. The percentage of positive urine cultures in the two groups was similar; however, the rate of positive urine cultures was significantly higher in symptom (−) group than in symptom (+) group (P<0.0001).
Abbreviation: UTI, urinary tract infection.

Table 3 The incidence of the uropathogens in diabetic patients

Microorganism	Number of patients/percentage	Gender		Symptoms
		Male	Female	Positive	Negative
Gram-negative	172/84.73%	14	158	56	116
Escherichia coli	134/66.01%	7	127	44	90
Klebsiella pneumonia	12/5.91%	4	8	3	9
Citrobacter freundii	7/3.45%	0	7	2	5
Proteus mirabilis	5/2.46%	1	4	2	3
Enterobacter sp.	5/2.46%	0	5	3	2
Acinetobacter	4/1.97%	0	4	1	3
Pseudomonas sp.	3/1.48%	2	1	1	2
Others*	2/0.99%	0	2	0	2
Gram-positive	24/11.82%	8	16	10	14
Enterococcus	12/5.91%	4	8	5	7
Staphylococcus	9/4.43%	4	5	3	6
Streptococcus sp.	2/0.99%	0	2	1	1
Corynebacterium	1/0.49%	0	1	1	0
Fungus	7/3.45%	4	3	1	6
Candida albicans	4/1.97%	3	1	1	3
Candida parapsilosis	2/0.99%	1	1	0	2
Candida tropicalis	1/0.49%	0	1	0	1
Total	203/100%	26	177	67	136

Note:

* Others = Morganella morgani and Alcaligenes.

Figure 2 The antibiotic resistance to various pathogens in urine culture of diabetic patients.

Notes: (A) Resistance pattern of various commonly used antibiotics in the two most popular Gram-negative organisms. (B) Resistance pattern of various commonly used antibiotics in the two most popular Gram-positive organisms.