Impact of depression on change in coronary heart disease risk status: the Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study (KoGES)

Figures & data

Figure 1 Flow chart of study participants.

Abbreviations: BDI, Beckman depression inventory; CHD, coronary heart disease; KoGES, Korean Genome Epidemiology Study.

Table 1 Characteristics of the study population

Variables	Men (N=420)			Women (N=1,162)
	BDI <10 (N=321)	BDI ≥10 (N=99)	P-value	BDI <10 (N=751)	BDI ≥10 (N=411)	P-value
BDI score	3.6 (2.8)	14.2 (5.2)	<0.001	4.4 (2.7)	15.8 (6.1)	<0.001
Age (years)	48.0 (3.8)	48.5 (4.6)	0.249	51.6 (6.86)	53.4 (7.34)	<0.001
SBP (mmHg)	113.3 (12.7)	108.6 (16.3)	0.003	108.0 (14.9)	110.0 (14.4)	0.09
HbA1c (%)	5.4 (0.6)	5.5 (1.2)	0.291	5.5 (0.8)	5.5 (0.6)	0.9
HDL (mg/dL)	44.7 (11.5)	44.5 (11.6)	0.929	47.0 (10.3)	47.4 (9.9)	0.563
Total cholesterol (mg/dL)	181.9 (31.5)	177.2 (34.5)	0.200	196.3 (34.6)	199.5 (34.4)	0.128
Smoking (pack-year)	8.7 (13.0)	12.8 (15.5)	0.009	0.1 (1.0)	0.2 (1.7)	0.320
BMI (kg/m^2)	24.3 (3.3)	23.9 (3.8)	0.257	24.5 (3.4)	24.4 (3.0)	0.594
Alcohol (g/d)	17.2 (24.0)	18.5 (26.0)	0.650	1.4 (5.3)	1.4 (5.2)	0.984
Education
Not high-school graduate (n, %)	13 (4.0)	12 (12.1)	0.002	132 (17.6)	92 (22.4)	<0.001
High-school graduate (n, %)	183 (57.0)	65 (65.7)		505 (67.2)	291 (70.8)
College degree (n, %)	125 (39.0)	22 (22.2)		114 (15.2)	28 (6.8)
Annual income (US$)
<2,400 (n, %)	122 (38.0)	49 (49.5)	0.001	414 (55.1)	297 (72.3)	<0.001
2,400–3,600 (n, %)	95 (29.6)	29 (29.3)		168 (22.4)	58 (14.1)
>3,600 (n, %)	104 (32.3)	21 (21.2)		169 (22.5)	56 (13.6)
Menopause (n, %)				349 (46.5)	249 (60.6)	<0.001
Framingham CHD risk score (%)	5.0 (2.2)	5.3 (2.3)	0.215	1.5 (1.2)	1.7 (1.4)	0.014

Notes: Data are expressed as mean (SD) for continuous variables, or numbers (percentages) for categorical parameters. Variables were compared using the χ² test.

Abbreviations: BDI, Beck depression inventory; BMI, body mass index; CHD, coronary heart disease; HbA1c, hemoglobinA1c; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; SBP, systolic blood pressure.

Figure 2 Change of CHD risk scores between baseline and 8-year follow-up in men and women.

Notes: A horizontal line indicates the Framingham CHD risk score with 10. ([img], low-risk group; [img], intermediate or high-risk group).
Abbreviation: CHD, coronary heart disease.

Table 2 Logistic regression analysis of the association between depression and change of CHD risk score status

Variable	Men (n=420)		Women (n=1,162)
	Unadjusted OR (95% CI)	Adjusted OR (95% CI)	Unadjusted OR (95% CI)	Adjusted OR (95% CI)
BDI
Control	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref
Depression	1.41 (1.05–1.78)	1.38 (0.95–1.82)	1.74 (1.37–2.12)	1.54 (1.08–2.03)
Age
Per 10 years	2.16 (1.58–2.77)	3.40 (2.57–4.29)	4.52 (3.59–5.53)	4.53 (3.50–5.64)
SBP
Per 10 mmHg	1.17 (1.02–1.32)	1.32 (1.13–1.51)	1.42 (1.24–1.61)	1.41 (1.12–1.71)
HbA1c
<6.5%	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref
≥6.5%	1.46 (1.59–3.61)	0.96 (0.33–2.75)	4.59 (2.02–10.40)	1.97 (0.69–5.61)
HDL
Per 10 mg/dL	0.85 (0.97–1.01)	0.47 (0.26–0.69)	0.54 (0.21–0.87)	0.44 (0.02–0.80)
Total cholesterol
Per 10 mg/dL	1.00 (0.99–1.01)	–	1.01 (0.92–1.10)	–
Smoking
No	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref
Yes	4.18 (2.78–6.30)	5.77 (2.86–11.62)	5.61 (1.57–20.08)	9.66 (1.39–67.20)
BMI
Per 1 kg/m^2	1.04 (0.98–1.10)	–	1.16 (1.06–1.27)	1.10 (0.96–1.26)
Alcohol
No	Ref	–	Ref	–
Yes	1.39 (0.90–2.13)	–	0.54 (0.23–1.31)	–
Education
Not high-school graduate	Ref	–	Ref	Ref
High-school graduate	0.98 (0.26–3.73)	–	0.59 (0.20–1.69)	0.64 (0.17–2.43)
College degree	0.71 (0.48–1.07)	–	0.17 (0.06–0.49)	0.42 (0.03–5.74)
Annual income (US$)
<2,400	Ref	–	Ref	Ref
2,400–3,600	0.98 (0.26–3.73)	–	0.17 (0.09–0.33)	0.81 (0.35–1.88)
>3,600	0.71 (0.48–1.07)	–	0.03 (0.01–0.25)	0.56 (0.06–5.67)
Menopause
No	–	–	Ref	Ref
Yes	–	–	39.28 (5.37–286.88)	1.05 (0.12–9.33)

Abbreviations: BDI, Beck depression inventory; BMI, body mass index; CHD, coronary heart disease; HbA1c, hemoglobinA1c; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; OR, odds ratio; SBP, systolic blood pressure.