The association study of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, pentraxin 3, nitrotyrosine, and insulin dose in patients with insulin-treated type 2 diabetes mellitus

Figures & data

Table 1 Anthropometrical, clinical, and laboratory parameters of patients enrolled

Parameter evaluated	Total N=80
Women, n (%)	47 (58.8)
Age, years	63.8±9.0
Weight, kg	88.8±14.6
BMI, kg/m^2	32.5±5.7
Waist circumference, cm	113.7±12.6
Smoking, n (%)	9 (11.3)
Fasting blood glucose, mg/dL	180.0±83.6
HbA1c, %	8.4±1.6
Total cholesterol, mg/dL	176.5±45.5
HDL cholesterol, mg/dL	46.35±11.1
Triglycerides, mg/dL	179.7±83.6
LDL cholesterol, mg/dL	93.5±36.0
Serum creatinine, mg/dL	0.9±0.3
eGFR, mL/min/1.73 m^2	81.3±27.6
Microalbuminuria, mg/L	14.8 (7.1; 48.6)
ASAT, U/L	23.0 (19.5; 29.0)
ALAT, U/L	22.0 (18.0; 33.5)
SBP, mmHg	146.7±19.3
DBP, mmHg	87.2±10.4
Diabetes duration, years	12.9±7.0
Diabetes complications, n (%)
Diabetic retinopathy	22 (27.5)
Diabetic peripheral neuropathy	51 (63.7)
Diabetes therapy, n (%)
Metformin	53 (66.3)
Sulfonylurea	4 (5.0)
Incretins	7 (8.8)
Insulin dose/day, IU	70.0 (40.0; 87.0)
Insulin dose/kg of body weight, IU/kg	0.7 (0.5; 1.0)
Hypertension, n (%)	69 (86.3)
CVD, n (%)
CHD	24 (30.0)
Stroke	6 (7.5)
Peripheral arterial disease	17 (21.3)
Dyslipidemia, n (%)	63 (78.8)
Concomitant therapy, n (%)
Statins	39 (48.8)
Fenofibrate	16 (20.0)
ACEIs	25 (31.3)
ARBs	17 (21.3)
Antiplatelets	22 (27.5)

Note: Data in table is presented as mean ± SD, median (quartile 1; quartile 3) or number (%).

Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; ASAT, aspartate aminotransferase; ALAT, alanine aminotransferase; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; CVD, cardiovascular disease; CHD, coronary heart disease; ACEIs, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors; ARBs, angiotensin receptor blockers; N/n (%), number (percentage) of patients.

Table 2 Anthropometrical, clinical, and laboratory parameters of patients enrolled according to tertiles of insulin dose/kg of body weight

Parameter evaluated	1st tertile N=26	2nd tertile N=27	3rd tertile N=27	p for trend
Women, n (%)	14 (53.8)	12 (44.4)	21 (77.8)	0.037
Age, years	65.0±8.1	61.6±9.9	64.8±8.9	0.297
Weight, kg	84.4±14.8	93.4±14.1	88.4±14.0	0.078
BMI, kg/m^2	31.4±5.4	32.7±5.3	33.4±6.2	0.445
Waist circumference, cm	110.4±11.9	115.9±13.3	114.2±12.3	0.284
Smoking, n (%)	5 (19.2)	2 (7.4)	2 (7.4)	0.209
Fasting blood glucose, mg/dL	169.0±58.8	171.3±67.2	199.2±77.5	0.204
HbA1c, %	8.0±1.5	8.4±1.6	8.9±1.7	0.102
Total cholesterol, mg/dL	179.5±42.0	172.7±49.0	177.6±46.6	0.858
HDL cholesterol, mg/dL	49.7±14.1	45.0±10.5	44.4±7.7	0.173
Triglycerides, mg/dL	163.0±74.8	183.8±82.2	191.8±93.0	0.441
LDL cholesterol, mg/dL	94.8±33.8	90.9±40.4	94.8±34.7	0.901
Serum creatinine, mg/dL	0.8±0.2	1.0±0.3	0.9±0.4	0.208
eGFR, mL/min/1.73 m^2	86.0±24.0	78.3±26.2	79.7±32.3	0.563
Microalbuminuria, mg/L	10.5 (6.4; 17.1)	44.9 (7.6; 85.6)	17.6 (10.1; 57.4)	0.591
ASAT, U/L	23.0 (19.0; 27.0)	24.0 (21.0; 31.0)	23.0 (19.0; 34.0)	0.514
ALAT, U/L	19.5 (17.0; 31.0)	22.0 (19.5; 30.5)	24.5 (18.0; 43.0)	0.053
SBP, mmHg	149.4±18.4	143.4±20.3	147.5±19.5	0.525
DBP, mmHg	88.5±10.6	88.3±11.0	84.7±9.5	0.328
Diabetes duration, years	10.3±5.8	13.7±6.9	14.5±7.8	0.065
Diabetes complications, n (%)
Diabetic retinopathy	4 (15.4)	11 (40.7)	7 (25.9)	0.072
Diabetic peripheral neuropathy	14 (53.8)	18 (66.7)	19 (70.4)	0.424
Diabetes therapy, n (%)
Metformin	16 (61.5)	20 (74.1)	17 (63.0)	0.569
Sulfonylurea	1 (3.8)	2 (7.4)	1 (3.7)	0.780
Incretins	2 (7.7)	3 (11.1)	2 (7.4)	0.586
Insulin dose/day, IU	31.0 (24.0; 40.0)	70.0 (58.0; 80.0)	93.0 (84.0; 116.0)	<0.001
Insulin dose/kg of body weight, IU/kg	0.4 (0.3; 0.5)	0.7 (0.6; 0.8)	1.1 (1.0; 1.1)	<0.001
Hypertension, n (%)	19 (73.1)	24 (88.9)	26 (96.3)	0.044
CVD, n (%)
CHD	2 (7.7)	10 (37.0)	12 (44.4)	0.009
Stroke	2 (7.7)	1 (3.7)	3 (11.1)	0.586
Peripheral arterial disease	5 (19.2)	9 (33.3)	3 (11.1)	0.130
Dyslipidemia, n (%)	19 (73.1)	23 (85.2)	21 (77.8)	0.553
Concomitant therapy, n (%)
Statins	9 (34.6)	17 (63.0)	13 (48.1)	0.118
Fenofibrate	1 (3.8)	8 (29.6)	7 (25.9)	0.041
ACEIs	6 (23.1)	8 (29.6)	11 (40.7)	0.373
ARBs	5 (19.2)	3 (11.1)	9 (33.3)	0.130
Antiplatelets	3 (11.5)	10 (37.0)	9 (33.3)	0.081

Note: Data in table is presented as mean ± SD, median (quartile 1; quartile 3) or number (%).

Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; ASAT, aspartate aminotransferase; ALAT, alanine aminotransferase; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; CVD, cardiovascular disease; CHD, coronary heart disease; ACEIs, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors; ARBs, angiotensin receptor blockers; N/n (%), number (percentage) of patients.

Table 3 C-peptide, inflammatory, and oxidative stress markers of patients enrolled according to tertiles of insulin dose/kg of body weight

Parameter evaluated	Total N=80	1st tertile N=26	2nd tertile N=27	3rd tertile N=27	p for trend	p-value for the difference between 1st and 3rd tertiles
C-peptide, ng/mL	0.3 (0.2; 0.4)	0.2 (0.2; 0.3)	0.3 (0.2; 0.4)	0.3 (0.2; 0.5)	0.332	0.433
hsCRP, mg/dL	4.9±3.8	3.9±3.6	4.7±3.8	6.1±3.8	0.102	0.035
Nitrotyrosine, nmol/mL	24.3 (20.0; 37.1)	22.9 (20.0; 33.3)	25.7 (21.9; 39.0)	24.8 (18.6; 42.8)	0.412	0.551
Pentraxin 3, ng/mL	1.0±0.2	1.0±0.2	1.0±0.3	0.9±0.2	0.475	0.313

Note: Data in table is presented as mean ± SD or median (quartile 1; quartile 3).

Abbreviation: hsCRP, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein.

Table 4 Association of inflammatory and oxidative stress markers with insulin dose units per kilogram of body weight

Parameter evaluated	Beta	p-value
Unadjusted model
hsCRP	0.242	0.030
lgNitrotyrosine	0.106	0.351
Pentraxin 3	−0.042	0.710
Adjusted model*
hsCRP	0.237	0.043
lgNitrotyrosine	0.090	0.486
Pentraxin 3	−0.038	0.765

Note:

* Model adjusted for age, gender, smoking, body mass index, HbA1c, C-peptide, metformin, antiplatelet use, statin use.

Abbreviations: HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin; hsCRP, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein.