Association between hyperleptinemia and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with coronary artery disease

Figures & data

Table 1 Clinical variables of the 98 coronary artery disease patients according to serum leptin levels

Variables	All participants (n = 98)	Low leptin group (n = 49)	High leptin group (n = 49)	P-value
Age (years)	65.65 ± 8.71	63.67 ± 8.39	67.63 ± 8.66	0.024a
Height (cm)	161.84 ± 7.54	163.51 ± 7.27	160.16 ± 7.50	0.027a
Body weight (kg)	67.77 ± 11.05	67.96 ± 10.58	67.58 ± 11.60	0.867
Body mass index (kg/m^2)	25.78 ± 3.11	25.28 ± 2.51	26.28 ± 3.58	0.115
SBP (mmHg)	131.90 ± 18.10	130.65 ± 17.46	133.14 ± 18.81	0.499
DBP (mmHg)	71.94 ± 9.46	71.16 ± 10.05	72.71 ± 8.87	0.420
Total cholesterol (mg/dL)	164.95 ± 33.03	164.98 ± 35.37	164.92 ± 30.88	0.993
Triglycerides (mg/dL)	116.00 (89.75–165.00)	109.00 (88.50–152.00)	121.00 (91.50–174.00)	0.670
HDL-C (mg/dL)	44.98 ± 12.46	44.86 ± 11.55	45.10 ± 13.43	0.923
LDL-C (mg/dL)	96.36 ± 25.90	97.86 ± 27.06	94.86 ± 24.87	0.569
Fasting glucose (mg/dL)	107.50 (95.00–134.00)	105.00 (98.50–130.00)	108.00 (93.50–164.00)	0.898
Blood urea nitrogen (mg/dL)	16.70 ± 5.56	17.12 ± 5.43	16.29 ± 5.71	0.459
Creatinine (mg/dL)	1.10 (0.90–1.30)	1.10 (0.90–1.30)	1.00 (0.90–1.25)	0.317
Glomerular filtration rate (mL/min)	68.87 ± 19.09	68.71 ± 19.77	69.02 ± 18.59	0.936
Leptin (ng/mL)	6.03 (3.37–13.69)	3.40 (1.82–4.31)	13.60 (8.46–28.81)	,0.001a
C-reactive protein (mg/dL)	0.20 (0.14–0.26)	0.18 (0.14–0.23)	0.21 (0.16–0.37)	0.015a
Female (%)	21 (21.4)	7 (14.3)	14 (28.6)	0.085
Diabetes (%)	47 (48.0)	25 (51.0)	22 (44.9)	0.544
Hypertension (%)	76 (77.6)	37 (75.5)	39 (79.6)	0.628
ACE inhibitor use	29 (29.6)	16 (32.7)	13 (26.5)	0.507
ARB use	37 (37.8)	16 (32.7)	21 (42.9)	0.297
β-blocker use	58 (59.2)	28 (57.1)	30 (61.2)	0.681
CCB use	33 (33.7)	14 (28.6)	19 (38.8)	0.285
Statin use	71 (72.4)	34 (69.4)	37 (75.5)	0.498
Fibrate use	14 (14.3)	4 (8.2)	10 (20.4)	0.083

Notes: Values for continuous variables given as mean ± SD and compared by Student’s t-test; variables not normally distributed given as medians and interquartile range and compared by Mann–Whitney U test; values are presented as number (%), and analysis was performed using the chi-squared test.

a P<0.05.

Abbreviations: ACE, angiotensin-converting enzyme; ARB, angiotensin-receptor blocker; CCB, calcium-channel blocker; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; SBP, systolic blood pressure.

Table 2 Clinical variables of the 98 coronary artery disease patients with or without cardiovascular event

Variables	Participants without cardiovascular events (n = 55)	Participants with cardiovascular events (n = 43)	P-value
Age (years)	66.00 ± 8.60	65.21 ± 8.94	0.658
Height (cm)	162.13 ± 7.67	161.47 ± 7.45	0.668
Body weight (kg)	67.40 ± 11.16	68.25 ± 11.02	0.709
Body mass index (kg/m^2)	25.56 ± 3.27	26.07 ± 2.91	0.425
SBP (mmHg)	128.40 ± 15.49	136.37 ± 20.28	0.030a
DBP (mmHg)	70.98 ± 10.13	73.16 ± 8.49	0.260
Total cholesterol (mg/dL)	158.71 ± 27.81	172.93 ± 37.53	0.034a
Triglycerides (mg/dL)	108.00 (89.00–151.00)	129.00 (91.00–195.00)	0.184
HDL-C (mg/dL)	44.27 ± 11.19	45.88 ± 14.01	0.528
LDL-C (mg/dL)	93.05 ± 23.94	100.58 ± 27.92	0.154
Fasting glucose (mg/dL)	106.00 (95.00–132.00)	108.00 (95.00–157.00)	0.564
Blood urea nitrogen (mg/dL)	16.75 ± 5.68	16.65 ± 5.47	0.934
Creatinine (mg/dL)	1.10 (0.90–1.30)	1.00 (0.90–1.40)	0.746
Glomerular filtration rate (mL/min)	68.29 ± 17.44	69.61 ± 21.20	0.736
Leptin (ng/mL)	4.59 (2.79–8.51)	9.91 (4.32–34.49)	0.001a
C-reactive protein (mg/dL)	0.18 (0.14–0.24)	0.21 (0.17–0.37)	0.018a
Female (%)	11 (20.0)	10 (23.3)	0.697
Diabetes (%)	24 (43.6)	23 (53.5)	0.333
Hypertension (%)	39 (70.9)	37 (88.6)	0.075
ACE inhibitor use	19 (34.5)	10 (23.3)	0.224
ARB use	17 (30.9)	20 (46.5)	0.114
β-blocker use	32 (58.2)	26 (60.5)	0.819
CCB use	15 (27.3)	18 (41.9)	0.129
Statin use	42 (76.4)	29 (67.4)	0.327
Fibrate use	6 (9.1)	9 (20.9)	0.096

Notes: Values for continuous variables given as mean ± SD and compared by Student’s t-test; variables not normally distributed given as medians and interquartile range and compared by Mann–Whitney U test; values are presented as number (%), and analysis was performed using the chi-squared test.

a P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.

Abbreviations: ACE, angiotensin-converting enzyme; ARB, angiotensin-receptor blocker; CCB, calcium-channel blocker; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; SBP, systolic blood pressure.

Figure 1 Kaplan–Meier analysis of cardiovascular events in 98 patients with coronary artery disease according to median serum leptin levels.

Table 3 Cox regression of univariate and multivariate significant predictors of cardiovascular events among the 98 patients with coronary artery disease

	Univariate		Multivariate
	Hazard ratio (95% CI)	P-value	Hazard ratio (95% CI)	P-value
Age (years)	0.995 (0.961–1.030)	0.779	–	–
Height (cm)	0.995 (0.957–1.035)	0.801	–	–
Body weight (kg)	1.006 (0.979–1.034)	0.679	–	–
Body mass index (kg/m^2)	1.035 (0.941–1.139)	0.475	–	–
SBP (mmHg)	1.018 (1.003–1.034)	0.021a	–	–
DBP (mmHg)	1.020 (0.988–1.053)	0.222	–	–
Total cholesterol (mg/dL)	1.010 (1.001–1.020)	0.035a	–	–
Triglycerides (mg/dL)	1.004 (1.001–1.006)	0.006a	1.010 (1.001–1.018)	0.022a
HDL-C (mg/dL)	1.007 (0.983–1.032)	0.563	–	–
LDL-C (mg/dL)	1.008 (0.996–1.021)	0.180	–	–
Fasting glucose (mg/dL)	1.002 (0.996–1.007)	0.527	–	–
Blood urea nitrogen (mg/dL)	1.006 (0.955–1.060)	0.825	–	–
Creatinine (mg/dL)	1.138 (0.457–2.832)	0.781	–	–
Glomerular filtration rate (mL/min)	1.002 (0.985–1.019)	0.822	–	–
Leptin (ng/mL)	1.043 (1.025–1.062)	<0.001a	1.054 (1.026–1.082)	<0.001a
C-reactive protein (mg/dL)	4.329 (2.027–9.246)	<0.001a	–	–
Female (%)	1.138 (0.560–2.311)	0.721	–	–
Diabetes (%)	1.336 (0.733–2.434)	0.345	–	–
Hypertension (%)	2.052 (0.865–4.868)	0.103	–	–

Note:

a P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.

Abbreviations: DBP, diastolic blood pressure; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; SBP, systolic blood pressure.