Anxiety and depression in patients with alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency: current insights and impact on quality of life

Figures & data

Figure 1 The impact of depression and anxiety in COPD. Anxiety and depression often overlap in COPD. This figure aims to show the complex effects of both anxiety and depression on patient-centered outcomes such as dyspnea scores, health status, higher admission rates, and decreased participation in programs aimed at rehabilitation and smoking cessation.

Table 1 Causes of anxiety and depression in AATD

Intrinsic	Extrinsic
Genetic disease	High cost of therapies
Under recognition and diagnostic delay	Potential loss of employment/income
No cure	Potential loss of insurance coverage
High burden of symptoms	Denial of insurance
Decrease in functional status	Augmentation therapy may not be available/few countries reimburse it
Limitations inflicted by disease: Professional/personal life choices	Limited health care providers with expertise
Illness unpredictability and uncertainty
Necessity for self-management skills

Abbreviation: AATD, alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency.