The association between metabolic syndrome and asymptomatic carotid artery stenosis in menopausal women: a cross-sectional study in a Chinese population

Figures & data

Figure 1 Flow chart of the enrolled participants.

Table 1 The characteristics of the participants

Characteristics	Total, N (%)	No carotid artery stenosis, N (%)	Carotid artery stenosis, N (%)	P-value
Number, N (%)	762	603 (79.13)	159 (20.87)
Age	59.3±5.6	59.3±5.6	59.4±6.0	0.8405
Married (%)	757 (99.3)	599 (99.3)	158 (99.4)	0.9619
BMI (kg/m^2)	25.2±3.4	24.8±3.3	26.4±3.7	<0.0001
Waist circumference, cm	86.1±9.5	85.1±9.0	89.7±10.4	<0.0001
Diabetes, N (%)	103 (13.5)	76 (12.6)	27 (17.0)	0.1510
Hypertension, N (%)	378 (49.6)	291 (48.3)	87 (54.7)	0.1474
Dyslipidemia, N (%)	498 (65.4)	384 (63.7)	114 (71.7)	0.0588
SBP (mmHg)	135.8±20.7	135.0±20.1	139.1±22.6	0.0262
DBP (mmHg)	81.5±12.4	81.0±12.0	83.6±13.4	0.0179
TG (mmol/L)	1.7±1.2	1.6±1.2	1.9±1.2	0.0148
LDL-C (mmol/L)	2.8±0.6	2.8±0.6	2.9±0.6	0.3498
HDL-C (mmol/L)	1.3±0.3	1.3±0.3	1.2±0.2	<0.0001
Total cholesterol (mmol/L)	5.0±1.0	5.0±1.0	5.0±1.0	0.8131
Fasting blood glucose (mmol/L)	5.6±1.5	5.5±1.4	5.9±1.8	0.0105
Education level				0.9363
Low	135 (17.7)	108 (17.9)	27 (17.0)
Intermediate	552 (72.4)	435 (72.1)	117 (73.6)
High	75 (9.8)	60 (10.0)	15 (9.4)
Income, ¥/month, N (%)				0.6665
<¥3,000	533 (69.95)	424 (70.32)	109 (68.55)
≥¥3,000	229 (30.05)	179 (29.68)	50 (31.45)
Age of menopause (years), N (%)				0.6975
≤45	75 (9.8)	59 (9.8)	16 (10.1)
45–50	358 (47.0)	279 (46.3)	79 (49.7)
>52	329 (43.2)	265 (43.9)	64 (40.3)
Current smokers (%)	16 (2.1)	11 (1.8)	5 (3.1)	0.3016
Current drinkers (%)	22 (2.9)	17 (2.8)	5 (3.1)	0.8274
Physical activity (yes, %)				0.0056
Never or moderate	260 (34.1)	191 (31.7)	69 (43.4)
Heavy	502 (65.9)	412 (68.3)	90 (56.6)
Parity				0.1805
0 or 1	377 (49.48)	306 (50.75)	71 (44.65)
2	292 (38.32)	221 (36.65)	71 (44.65)
≥3	93 (12.20)	76 (12.60)	17 (10.69)
Miscarriage (yes, %)				0.9189
0	350 (46.4)	274 (45.9)	76 (48.1)
1	213 (28.2)	169 (28.3)	44 (27.8)
2	147 (19.5)	119 (19.9)	28 (17.7)
≥3	45 (6.0)	35 (5.9)	10 (6.3)
Metabolic syndrome disease				<0.0001
No	354 (46.5)	306 (50.7)	48 (30.2)
Yes	408 (53.5)	297 (49.3)	111 (69.8)

Notes: Data are shown as mean ± SD, or median (interquartile range), or n (%) where indicated; Compared with no carotid artery stenosis group, P<0.05 means difference was statistically significant.

Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; TG, triglyceride.

Figure 2 The association between carotid artery stenosis and MetS.

Abbreviation: MetS, metabolic syndrome.

Table 2 Multivariable analyses of relationship between CAS and MetS stratified by age

Models	Ref	Age <45 years	45 years ≤ Age ≤ 50 years	Age >50 years
		OR (95% CI)	OR (95% CI)	OR (95% CI)
Crude model	1	3.917 (1.219–12.583)	2.238 (1.343–3.730)	2.742 (1.570–4.786)
Model 1	1	3.678 (1.092–12.390)	2.224 (1.329–3.721)	3.054 (1.720–5.424)
Model 2	1	5.041 (1.230–20.66)	2.347 (1.376–4.004)	3.033 (1.681–5.470)
Model 3	1	7.432 (1.437–38.431)	2.359 (1.357–4.100)	3.051 (1.677–5.553)

Notes: Crude model, unadjusted; Model 1, adjust for BMI; Model 2, model 2 with additional adjustment for parity and miscarriage; Model 3, model 3 with additional adjustment for education, family income, and physical activity.

Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; CAS, carotid artery stenosis; MetS, metabolic syndrome.

Table 3 The logistic regression analyses of age, physical activity, BMI, and family income to the development of CAS in those with MetS

Characteristics	Carotid artery stenosis		P-value for interaction
	Without MetS	MetS (95% CI)
Age (years)			0.4635
≤50	Ref	1.810 (1.045–3.136)
>50	Ref	2.125 (1.034–4.368)
Physical activity			0.9079
Never or moderate	Ref	2.165 (1.107–4.232)
Heavy	Ref	1.718 (0.967–3.051)
BMI (kg/m^2)			0.1269
≤24	Ref	1.146 (0.533–2.466)
>24	Ref	2.470 (1.409–4.330)
Income			0.0002
<3,000	Ref	3.557 (1.995–6.340)
≥3,000	Ref	0.980 (0.931–1.032)

Note: Data are OR (95% CIs).

Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; CAS, carotid artery stenosis; MetS, metabolic syndrome.