Incidence rate and risk factors of early repolarization in patients with growth hormone-secreting pituitary adenoma: a cohort study

Figures & data

Figure 1 Representative ECG from our study population.

Notes: (A) Representative ECG from patients with no early repolarization (ER). (B, C) Representative ECG from patients with ER.
Abbreviations: aVF, augmented vector foot; ECG, electrocardiograph; ER, early repolarization.

Table 1 The comparison of clinical characteristics between the GH-secreting pituitary adenoma group and the non-functioning adenoma group

Clinical characteristics	GH-secreting pituitary adenoma (n=118)	Non-functioning adenoma (n=103)	t/Z/χ^2 value	P-value
Age (years)	43.31±11.06	44.55±9.72	−0.885a	0.377
Sex			0.055b	0.815
Male	58 (49.2%)	49 (47.6%)
Female	60 (50.8%)	54 (52.4%)
Course of disease (months)	36 (24, 84)	6 (2, 24)	−7.978c	0.000*
BMI (kg/m^2)	24.77 (22.05, 27.59)	23.53 (22.44, 24.80)	−2.761c	0.006*
GH (ng/mL)	17.80 (8.70, 36.86)	0.17 (0.08, 0.44)	−12.642c	0.000*
IGF-1 (ng/mL)	840.00 (622.25, 1,021.00)	106.00 (77.80, 168.00)	−12.628c	0.000*
Essential hypertension			0.075b	0.780
No	89 (75.4%)	76 (73.8%)
Yes	29 (24.6%)	27 (26.2%)
Diabetes			24.563b	0.000*
No	69 (58.5%)	91 (88.3%)
Yes	49 (41.5%)	12 (11.7%)
Pituitary adenoma size			13.88b	0.001*
Microadenoma	18 (15.3%)	3 (3.0%)
Macroadenoma	68 (57.6%)	54 (52.4%)
Giant adenoma	32 (27.1%)	46 (44.6%)
LVMI (g/m^2)	103.16 (80.96, 127.40)	84.08 (71.36, 98.19)	−4.762c	0.000*
Valve disease			5.404b	0.020*
No	67 (56.8%)	74 (71.8%)
Yes	51 (43.2%)	29 (28.2%)
Myocardial ischemia			0.201b	0.654
No	78 (66.1%)	71 (68.9%)
Yes	40 (33.9%)	32 (31.1%)
ER			13.165b	0.000*
No	77 (65.3%)	89 (86.4%)
Yes	41 (34.7%)	14 (13.6%)

Notes:

a t value;

b χ² value;

c Z value;

* P<0.05.

Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; ER, early repolarization; GH, growth hormone; LVMI, left ventricular mass index.

Table 2 The comparison of clinical characteristics between the ER group and the non-ER group in patients with GH-secreting pituitary adenoma

Clinical characteristics	Non-ER (n=77)	ER (n=41)	t/Z/χ^2 value	P-value
Age (years)	42.78±11.38	44.29±10.49	−0.706a	0.481
Sex			0.199b	0.656
Male	39 (50.6%)	19 (46.3%)
Female	38 (49.4%)	22 (53.7%)
Course of disease (months)	36 (12, 84)	60 (24, 120)	−2.101c	0.036*
BMI (kg/m^2)	24.70±3.65	25.77±4.30	−1.429a	0.156
GH (ng/mL)	14.60 (7.62, 34.65)	23.00 (12.50, 39.60)	−1.741c	0.082
IGF-1 (ng/mL)	816.81±271.55	838.07±272.51	−0.405a	0.687
Essential hypertension			0.172b	0.678
No	59 (76.6%)	30 (73.2%)
Yes	18 (23.4%)	11 (26.8%)
Diabetes			2.432b	0.119
No	49 (63.6%)	20 (48.8%)
Yes	28 (36.4%)	21 (51.2%)
Pituitary adenoma size			1.474b	0.478
Microadenoma	14 (18.2%)	4 (9.7%)
Macroadenoma	43 (55.8%)	25 (61.0%)
Giant adenoma	20 (26.0%)	12 (29.3%)
LVMI (g/m^2)	96.09 (77.04, 111.50)	126.97 (89.69, 175.28)	−3.77c	0.000*
Valve disease			0.792b	0.374
No	46 (59.7%)	21 (51.2%)
Yes	31 (40.3%)	20 (48.8%)
Myocardial ischemia			0.601b	0.438
No	49 (63.6%)	29 (70.7%)
Yes	28 (36.4%)	12 (29.3%)

Notes:

a t value;

b χ² value;

c Z value;

* P<0.05.

Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; ER, early repolarization; GH, growth hormone; LVMI, left ventricular mass index.

Table 3 Correlation between clinical characteristics and ER was evaluated by univariate logistic regression analysis in patients with GH-secreting pituitary adenoma

Clinical characteristics	B	SE	Wald	P-value	OR	95% CI
Course of disease (months)	0.009	0.003	12.050	0.001*	1.009	1.004–1.015
BMI (kg/m^2)	0.129	0.043	9.091	0.003*	1.138	1.046–1.238
GH (ng/mL)	0.004	0.003	2.474	0.116	1.004	0.999–1.0009
IGF-1 (ng/mL)	0.001	0.000	10.474	0.001*	1.001	1.001–1.002
Diabetes	0.775	0.331	5.499	0.019*	2.171	1.136–4.150
Pituitary adenoma size	−0.012	0.252	0.002	0.963	0.988	0.603–1.238
LVMI (g/m^2)	0.020	0.004	20.065	0.000*	1.020	1.011–1.029

Note:

* P<0.05.

Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; ER, early repolarization; GH, growth hormone; LVMI, left ventricular mass index.

Table 4 Correlation between clinical characteristics and ER was evaluated by binary variable multifactorial logistic regression analysis in patients with GH-secreting pituitary adenoma

Clinical characteristics	B	SE	Wald	P-value	OR	95% CI
Course of disease (months)	0.004	0.003	2.748	0.097	1.004	0.999–1.010
BMI (kg/m^2)	0.073	0.048	2.301	0.729	1.075	0.979–1.181
IGF-1 (ng/mL)	0.001	0.000	1.741	0.187	1.001	1.000–1.001
Diabetes	0.090	0.388	0.053	0.817	1.094	0.511–2.339
LVMI (g/m^2)	0.014	0.005	9.315	0.002*	1.015	1.005–1.024

Note:

* P<0.05.

Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; ER, early repolarization; GH, growth hormone; LVMI, left ventricular mass index.

Table 5 Correlation between clinical characteristics and LVMI was evaluated by bivariate correlation analysis and multivariate linear regression analysis in patients with GH-secreting pituitary adenoma

Clinical characteristics	Bivariate correlation analysis				Multivariate linear regression analysis
	B	SE	t	P-value	B	SE	t	P-value
Course of disease (months)	0.206	0.036	5.795	0.000*	0.160	0.037	4.315	0.000*
BMI	2.179	0.696	3.132	0.002*			1.352	0.178
IGF-1 (ng/mL)	0.025	0.006	4.079	0.000*	0.014	0.006	2.143	0.033*
GH (ng/mL)			1.415	0.158
Diabetes	20.206	5.653	3.575	0.000*			1.490	0.138
Pituitary adenoma size			−0.510	0.610

Note:

* P<0.05.

Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; GH, growth hormone; LVMI, left ventricular mass index.

Table 6 Follow-up results in patients with GH-secreting pituitary adenoma

Number	Age (years)	Sex	GH (ng/mL)		IGF-1 (ng/mL)		LVMI		ER
			Before surgery	After surgery	Before surgery	After surgery	Before surgery	After surgery	Before surgery	After surgery
1	60	Male	35.2	0.05	1,124	30.2	176.54	114.2	Yes	No
2	46	Male	14	0.16	628	71.8	73.29	56.02	Yes	No
3	50	Male	37.8	1.05	778	128	108.14	76.76	Yes	No
4	30	Male	40	2.86	1,285	82	65.85	63.17	Yes	Yes
5	54	Female	11.7	0.05	589	34.6	78.12	60.34	Yes	No
6	50	Male	14.7	4.76	864	242	157.52	132.87	Yes	No

Abbreviations: ER, early repolarization; GH, growth hormone; LVMI, left ventricular mass index.