Effects of dapagliflozin on serum uric acid levels in hospitalized type 2 diabetic patients with inadequate glycemic control: a randomized controlled trial

Figures & data

Figure 1 The clinical trial flow chart.

Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; FPG, fasting plasma glucose; HbA1c, glycosylated hemoglobin; PPG, postprandial plasma glucose; SUA, serum uric acid; T2DM, type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Table 1 Demographic and baseline characteristics

Characteristics	Dapagliflozin 10 mg (n=29)	Control (n=30)	P-value
Age (years), mean ± SD	57.77±12.29	58.97±10.50	0.6890
Men, n (%)	20 (66.67)	17 (58.62)	0.5960
Family history of T2DM, n (%)	21 (70.00)	15 (51.72)	0.1502
Smoking, n (%)	12 (40.00)	14 (48.28)	0.5221
Drinking, n (%)	5 (16.67)	5 (17.24)	1.0000
Duration of T2DM (years), mean ± SD	12.20±6.59	9.47±5.88	0.0988
BMI (kg/m^2), mean ± SD	27.34±3.88	25.90±3.51	0.1421
SUA (μmol/L), mean ± SD	348.33±102.15	326.21±103.39	0.4260
HbA1c (%), mean ± SD	9.89±1.24	10.14±1.73	0.8496
Postprandial plasma glucose (mmol/L), mean ± SD	15.45±2.85	15.11±2.46	0.6195
Fasting plasma glucose (mmol/L), mean ± SD	10.54±2.22	10.50±2.37	0.7558
24-hour urine volume (L), mean ± SD	2.48±0.67	2.67±0.84	0.3772
24-hour urinary uric acid (μmol), mean ± SD	3,731.23±1,408.97	3,649.91±1,075.75	0.8046
24-hour urine glucose (μmol), mean ± SD	92.65±93.65	80.36±131.92	0.3349

Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; HbA1c, glycosylated hemoglobin; SUA, serum uric acid; T2DM, type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Table 2 Changes in FPG, PPG, and SUA levels before and after treatment in the two groups

Groups	Treatment		P-value
	Before	After
Dapagliflozin (n=29)
FPG	10.54±2.22	7.11±0.96	<0.001
PPG	15.45±2.85	9.77±1.21	<0.001
SUA	348.33±102.15	280.30±71.53	<0.001
Control (n=30)
FPG	10.50±2.37	6.94±0.76	<0.001
PPG	15.11±2.46	9.41±1.51	<0.001
SUA	326.21±103.39	300.31±91.24	0.013

Abbreviations: FPG, fasting plasma glucose; PPG, 2-hour postprandial plasma glucose; SUA, serum uric acid.

Table 3 Comparisons of changes in FPG, PPG, and SUA levels between the dapagliflozin group and the control group

	Dapagliflozin (n=29)	Control (n=30)	P-value
FPG (mmol/L)
Before treatment	10.54±2.22	10.50±2.37	0.7558
After treatment	7.11±0.96	6.94±0.76	0.4689
ΔFPG	−3.43±2.14	−3.56±2.36	0.8318
PPG (mmol/L)
Before treatment	15.45±2.85	15.11±2.46	0.6195
After treatment	9.77±1.21	9.41±1.51	0.1269
ΔPPG	−5.69±2.76	−5.70±2.56	0.9847
SUA (μmol/L)
Before treatment	348.33±102.15	326.21±103.39	0.4260
After treatment	280.30±71.53	300.31±91.24	0.3516
ΔSUA	−68.03±66.85	−25.90±52.33	0.0406

Abbreviations: FPG, fasting plasma glucose; PPG, 2-hour postprandial plasma glucose; SUA, serum uric acid.

Table 4 Comparisons of adjusted mean SUA levels between the dapagliflozin group and the control group

	Dapagliflozin (n=29)	Control (n=30)
N	30	29
Adjusted mean	273.28	307.57
Standard error	8.85	9.00
Difference (dapagliflozin – control) and 95% CI	34.29 (8.94, 59.64)
P-value	0.0089

Abbreviation: SUA, serum uric acid.

Table 5 Changes in urinary parameters before and after treatment in the dapagliflozin group

Parameters	Dapagliflozin 10 mg		P-value
	Before	After
24-hour urine volume (L)	2.48±0.67	2.97±0.81	0.0031
24-hour urinary uric acid (μmol)	3,731.2±1,408.97	4,454.27±1,500.52	0.0035
24-hour urine glucose (μmol)	92.65±93.65	284.68±215.60	,0.0001
24-hour urine pH	5.95±0.74	5.88±0.61	0.5722

Table 6 Pearson correlation analysis between changes in SUA levels and baseline SUA levels, changes in 24-hour urine volume, 24-hour urine glucose, or 24-hour urinary uric acid

	r	P-value
Baseline SUA levels	0.72	<0.0001
Changes in 24-hour urine volume	0.05	0.7834
Changes in 24-hour urine glucose	0.11	0.5650
Changes in 24-hour urinary uric acid	−0.01	0.9784

Abbreviation: SUA, serum uric acid.

Table 7 Linear regression between changes in SUA levels and baseline SUA levels

Group	β	R^2	P-value
Dapagliflozin (n=29)	0.469	0.513	<0.001
Control (n=30)	0.239	0.222	0.010

Abbreviation: SUA, serum uric acid.