Trans-Cricothyroid Membrane Injection of Local Anesthesia Attenuates Cough Response and Postoperative Sore Throat to the Nasotracheal Tube

Figures & data

Table 1 Demograhic and Surgical Profiles of the Patients

	Group L (n=60)	Group C (n=61)	P value
Age (y)	31.42±7.30	30.00±6.66	0.267
Gender (M/F)	30/30	30/31	0.857
BMI	22.54±2.51	22.17±1.81	0.348
ASA(I/II)	51/9	53/8	0.799
Duration of surgery (h)	1.76±0.24	1.74±0.24	0.667

Note: Data shown as mean ± standard deviation or number.

Abbreviations: Group L, the patients were received with trans-cricothyroid membrane injection of 2% lidocaine 3mL; Group C, the patients were received with trans-cricothyroid membrane injection of 0.9% saline 3mL; BMI, body mass index; ASA, American Society of Anesthesiologists.

Figure 1 Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials (CONSORT) flow diagram of the patients included in the study.

Table 2 Comparison of Hemodynamic Responses at Different Time-Points

	T0	T1	T2	T3	T4
MAP
Group L	96.0±6.0	74.1±4.9	99.9±5.5*	103.1±7.8*	97.2±6.9*
Group C	95.8±6.0	73.3±4.3	104.8±5.5	107.4±7.1	105.2±8.1
P value	0.882	0.340	<0.0001	0.002	<0.0001
HR
Group L	76.9±5.7	66.9±5.0	81.8±5.0*	84.2±6.8*	79.3±5.0*
Group C	76.4±6.8	65.6±6.7	84.1±5.7	87.0±5.4	81.6±7.2
P value	0.626	0.234	0.020	0.013	0.043

Note: Data shown as mean ± standard deviation, *P<0.05 compared with group C.

Abbreviations: MAP, mean arterial pressure; HR, heart rate; T0, at baseline; T1, before intubation; T2, upon intubation; T3, upon extubation; T4, five minutes after extubation.

Figure 2 Comparion of incidence and severity of cough during emergency. Data are presented as %; Group L: the patients were received with trans-cricothyroid membrane injection of 2% lidocaine 3mL; Group C: the patients were received with trans-cricothyroid membrane injection of 0.9% saline 3mL;T3=upon extubation; T4=five minutes after extubation; 0= no cough during extubation; 1= minimal cough; 2= moderate cough; 3= severe cough. *P<0.05 compared with group C.

Figure 3 Comparion of incidence and severity of POST at 1 h, 6h, 12h and 24h after surgery. Data are presented as %; Group L: the patients were received with trans-cricothyroid membrane injection of 2% lidocaine 3mL; Group C: the patients were received with trans-cricothyroid membrane injection of 0.9% saline 3mL; 1h=1h after surgery; 6h=6h after surgery; 12h=12h after surgery; 24h=24h after surgery; 0= no sore throat after surgery, 1= minimal sore throat ,2=moderate sore throat, and 3= severe sore throat. *P<0.05 compared with group C.

Table 3 Recovery Parameters and Complications in Two Groups

	Group L (n=60)	Group C (n=61)	P value
Respiratory recovery time (min)	14.22±1.72	13.62±2.09	0.091
Extubated time (min)	17.58±3.00	16.66±2.44	0.064
PACU observation time (min)	56.57±3.59	55.72±3.10	0.168
Respiratory depression (number)	0	0	1.000
Hypoxemia (number)	0	0	1.000
Laryngeal edema (number)	3	2	0.680
Nausea-vomiting (number)	6	5	0.763

Note: Data shown as mean ± standard deviation or number.

Abbreviations: Group L, the patients were received with trans-cricothyroid membrane injection of 2% lidocaine 3mL; Group C, the patients were received with trans-cricothyroid membrane injection of 0.9% saline 3mL.