Pretreatment with Nalbuphine Prevents Sufentanil-Induced Cough During the Anesthesia Induction: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Figures & data

Figure 1 CONSORT flow of clinical procedures for the study. Group N pretreated with 0.3 mg/kg nalbuphine at 150 s before induction with sufentanil; Group C received the same volume of normal saline as the placebo.

Table 1 Demographic Data of the Patients Receiving Nalbuphine or Placebo

	Group N (n=105)	Group C (n=105)	P value
Gender (F/M)	55/50	48/57	0.33
Age	46.9±14.1	47.4±13.4	0.66
Height	165.0±7.0	165.2±6.8	0.87
Weight	63.2±11.6	64.2±10.0	0.49
ASA (Ⅰ/Ⅱ)	25/80	16/89	0.11

Notes: Values are expressed as mean ± standard deviation, gender and ASA physical status as number. No statistical difference was observed in this table.

Table 2 Incidence and Severity of Cough in Patients Receiving Nalbuphine or Placebo

	Group N (n=105)	Group C (n=105)	P value
Incidence (n%)	0	30 (28.5%)	0.000
Severity (n%)
Mild	0	8 (7.6%)	0.004
Moderate	0	10 (9.5%)	0.001
Severe	0	12 (11.4%)	0.000

Note: Values are expressed as numbers (percentage).

Figure 2 Changes in vital signs after treatment. (A) SBP (mmHg); (B) DBP (mmHg); (C) HR (beats/min); (D) SpO₂ (%); Group N pretreated with 0.3 mg/kg nalbuphine at 150 s before induction with sufentanil; Group C received the same volume of normal saline as the placebo. SBP, DBP, HR and SpO₂ were not significantly different at each time point between the two groups.

Abbreviations: SBP, Systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; HR, heart rate; T0, time before administration of nalbuphine or normal saline injection; T1, 2 minutes after administration of nalbuphine or normal saline injection; T2, 2 minutes after the sufentanil injection.